T/F According to the target model, targets may be auditory or spatial
What is TRUE-Target models describe speech production as a process in which a speaker produces a sequence of spatial and/or acoustic targets that correspond to an internalized model of the vocal tract (spatial) or distinctive features (auditory).
100
T/F Theories may...
Change based on incoming information and new research;
May be used to make predictions about events related to the phenomenon in question;
Theories help explain observed data
What is TRUE...ALL ARE TRUE OF THEORIES
100
T/F Theories are simplifications of a system or any of the system's parts
What is FALSE- MODELS are simplifications of a system or any of the system's parts
100
T/F Air pressure fluctuation affects the amplitude of the sound
What is TRUE
100
T/F Stops are continuous sounds and appear as wide bands of acoustic energy, distributed over a broad range of frequencies on a spectrogram.
What is FALSE Fricatives are continuous sounds and appear as wide bands of acoustic energy, distributed over a broad range of frequencies on a spectrogram.
200
T/F The Logogen theory focuses on acoustic-phonemic aspects rather than word recognition
What is FALSE It focuses on word recognition rather than acoustic—phonetic aspects
A logogen is some kind of neural processing device associated with each word in a person’s vocabulary. All the information about the word---its meanings and its phonetic and orthographic structure, its syntactic functions, and so on—is contained in that word (logogen).
200
T/F The concept of degrees of freedom relates to the speech motor system's regulation of muscular contractions of all the speech subsystems
What is TRUE
200
A pure tone+a pure tone of the same frequency and phase creates_______________, while a pure tone + a pure tone of different frequency creates_____________
What is another pure tone; a complex tone
200
The rate at which a sound vibrates is__________
What is FREQUENCY
200
______________is a concentration of acoustic energy around a particular frequency
What is FORMANT
300
T/F The Motor theory states that the acoustic properties of the landmarks constitute the basis for establishing the distinctive features
What is FALSE. The Acoustic invariance theory states that the acoustic properties of the landmarks constitute the basis for establishing the distinctive features
300
A____________as defined in the motor theory, is a family of neuromotor commands that control and coordinate the activity of the articulators
What is GESTURE
300
T/F The distribution of energy as a function of frequency for a particular sound source is graphed on a audiogram
What is FALSE; The distribution of energy as a function of frequency for a particular sound source is graphed on a spectrum/spectrogram
300
What plots amplitude at each frequency?
What is spectral slice
300
___________differences cause different waveforms BUT human ears do not perceive___________differences (answer is the same for both blanks)
What is PHASE
400
Hypothesizes that perception allows listeners to have direct awareness of the world because it involves direct recovery of the distal source of the event that is perceived.
a)Trace Model
b)Cohort Theory
c)Direct Realism
What is C) DIRECT REALISM
400
Principle that states that a specific sound in a word corresponds to a specific phoneme is the_____________
What is LINEARITY PRINCIPLE
400
Spectrogram with better time resolution is a ________________and a Spectrogram with better frequency resolution is a ______________
What is wideband spectrogram; narrowband spectrogram
400
In regards to spectrograms, the _____________the shade, the more energy at the corresponding point in the time-frequency plane.
What is DARKER
400
T/F Two sounds with the same pitch and loudness can still differ
What is TRUE
500
Why is the principle of feedforward significant when understanding speech production?
What is It allows articulatory movements to be modified quickly, resulting in a great deal of precision during speech production.
500
Formant transitions are characteristic of the ______________, ______________, and _______________ groups of phonemes
What is NASALS, LIQUIDS, DIPHTHONGS
500
Feedback and feedforward are essential elements of what theory/model?
What is feedback models or components of the trace model
500
Name 3 acoustic aspects of sound that can differ and 3 perceptual characteristics of sound that can differ
What is acoustic-frequency, amplitude, phase; perceptually-pitch, loudness, quality.
500
Most sounds, including human speech, sources produce __________sounds