Definitions
This pattern of data typically has outliers.
What is naturalistic/observational research?
What is selection bias?
A researcher utilizes a sample of college students. This is a threat to...
What is external validity? (College students!!)
A generalizable sample for a population of toddlers would be...
What is a group of children aged 1-3?
In this technique of quantifying observations, the observation period is divided into a series of intervals and then whether a specific behavior occurs is recorded for each interval.
What is interval?
In this key issue of naturalistic/observational research designs, the concern is observer interpretation.
What is subjective interpretation by the observer?
Concluding that CMU students are physically stronger than Western students when this is NOT true is an example of this type of error.
What is a type 1 error?
When a participant has never participated in a study before and unintentionally behaves differently because of this, this is a threat to..
What is external validity (novelty effect)?
This artifact occurs when the experimenter's expectations regarding the outcome of the study influence the findings of a study.
What is experimenter bias?
This is the pattern of data that the general population typically follows for most variables.
What is a normal distribution?
Recording how many times a child talked to the person next to them in class during a fixed time period is an example of this technique for quantifying behavior.
What is frequency?
Fatigue and practice effects are examples of this threat to external validity
What is multiple treatment interference?
A researcher is testing an intervention to decrease alcohol use and notes when analyzing the results, notes that participants' baseline alcohol use was measured on Thanksgiving day and their final alcohol use was measured during Sober January, this is a threat to...
What is external validity? (Time of Measurement)
This measure of central tendency changes the most when there is an outlier included in the distribution.
What is the mean?
This means there is 5% or less chance that your results are due to chance.
What is p < .05?
Recording the length of time a participant engages in behavior is this technique of quantifying observations.
What is duration?
Internal & External validity are a balance. For example, controlling for participant characteristics strengthens this, but weakens this.
What is internal and external validity?
When a researcher suspects that differences observed in groups is caused by one group being on average, weaker than the other group, this is a threat to...
What is internal validity (Individual Differences across Different Groups)
A researcher claims that dogs and cats are liked about the same but in truth, dogs are liked more. A researcher has made this type of error.
What is a type 2 error?
In this type of error, we conclude no difference when in truth there was a difference.
What is type 2 error?
In this key issue of naturalistic/observational research designs, the concern is changed behavior by the participant.
What is essential behaviors are not disrupted by the presence of the observer?
An example of this threat to internal validity is observing participants in the control condition in a library while observing participants in the experimental condition in a football game.
What are environmental variables?
A researcher measures energy levels for the control condition at 10am and energy levels for the experimental condition at 2pm. This is a threat to...
What is internal validity? (Time related variables)
When finding a p value less than 0.05, we can conclude this.
What is there is a statistically significant difference between our groups?