Chapter 15 (1)
Which disorder is characterized by an individual experiencing intrusive, unwanted memories, flashbacks, hypervigilance, and avoidance behaviors that began after exposure to a traumatic event?
A. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
B. Adjustment Disorder
C. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
D. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
C. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) is a controversial disorder that involves an individual exhibiting two or more separate and distinct:
A. Delusions
B. Personality states
C. Periods of profound amnesia
D. Episodes of mania
B. Personality states
A major advantage of group therapy over individual therapy is that:
A. It always involves the use of medication.
B. It provides a deeper analysis of unconscious conflicts.
C. It allows clients to see that others share similar problems and provides social support.
D. It focuses exclusively on substance-related and addictive disorders.
C. It allows clients to see that others share similar problems and provides social support.
In humanistic therapy, specifically client-centered therapy, the therapist must demonstrate congruence, which refers to:
A. The therapist's ability to accurately understand the client's feelings (empathy).
B. The therapist's nonjudgmental acceptance of the client (unconditional positive regard).
C. The therapist's interpretation of unconscious conflicts. D. The therapist's genuineness and honesty in their reactions and self-presentation.
D. Congruence, or genuineness, is a core element of client-centered therapy, where the therapist is transparent and authentic with the client
What is the fundamental difference in the goals of individual therapy versus couple therapy?
A. Individual therapy focuses on treating symptoms, while couple therapy focuses on preventing them.
B. Individual therapy is short-term, while couple therapy is necessarily long-term
. C. Individual therapy focuses on the client's own thoughts, feelings, and behaviors; couple therapy focuses on the relationship's dynamics and communication between partners.
D. Individual therapy uses only psychological methods, while couple therapy uses only behavioral methods.
C. Individual therapy focuses on the client's own thoughts, feelings, and behaviors; couple therapy focuses on the relationship's dynamics and communication between partners.
Which disorder is characterized by extreme and persistent disturbances in mood, consisting of at least one episode of mania alternating with periods of depression?
A. Major Depressive Disorder
B. Persistent Depressive Disorder
C. Bipolar Disorder
D. Cyclothymic disorder
C. Bipolar Disorder
Major Depressive Disorder is distinct from grief and other temporary sadness in part because its symptoms must persist for at least:
A. 72 hours.
B. One week.
C. Two weeks.
D. Six months.
C. Two weeks.
The primary goal of cognitive restructuring in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is to:
A. Uncover deep-seated, unconscious emotional blocks. B. Help clients identify, challenge, and replace irrational, distorted thoughts with more realistic ones.
C. Desensitize the client to a feared object using relaxation techniques.
D. Provide a supportive environment characterized by unconditional positive regard.
B. Help clients identify, challenge, and replace irrational, distorted thoughts with more realistic ones.
Which factor is considered a major barrier to people seeking mental health treatment, especially among certain minority groups or those in high-stigma cultures?
A. The overabundance of available mental health professionals
. B. The lack of documented treatment effectiveness for most disorders
. C. The fear of public shaming or discrimination (stigma) and perceived lack of confidentiality.
D. The widespread belief that mental disorders can only be cured by medication.
. C. The fear of public shaming or discrimination (stigma) and perceived lack of confidentiality.
An individual with a strong fear and avoidance of places and situations from which escape might be difficult or embarrassing, such as being in a crowded mall, riding on a bus, or being in an elevator, is most likely to be diagnosed with:
A. Social Anxiety Disorder
B. Specific Phobia
C. Agoraphobia
D. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
C. Agoraphobia is an anxiety disorder characterized by intense fear and avoidance of situations (like open or crowded spaces) where escape or help might be unavailable if panic symptoms occur.
According to the American Psychiatric Association (APA) definition, a key element that must be present to define a psychological disorder is that the disturbances in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors must reflect some kind of dysfunction (biological, psychological, or developmental) and cause:
A. The person exhibits highly atypical behavior that violates social norms.
B. Behavior that is statistically rare in the population.
C. Significant distress or disability (impairment) in one's life.
D. Behavior that is a culturally approved response to a certain event.
C. Significant distress or disability (impairment) in one's life.
The diathesis-stress model suggests that psychopathology is the result of which two interacting factors?
A. Neurotransmitter imbalance and childhood trauma.
B. Genetic predisposition and lack of social support.
C. An underlying vulnerability and a stressful life experience.
D. Operant conditioning and unconscious conflict.
C. An underlying vulnerability and a stressful life experience.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) primarily focuses on changing a patient's maladaptive behaviors and what else?
A. Analyzing unconscious childhood conflicts.
B. Prescribing psychotropic medication.
C. Identifying and modifying distorted thoughts.
D. Understanding family system dynamics.
C. CBT is an action-oriented therapy that targets the interaction between dysfunctional thoughts (cognitive component) and behaviors (behavioral component).
The concept of comorbidity in the context of psychological disorders and treatment refers to:
A. The presence of a chronic physical illness in a person with a psychological disorder.
B. The co-occurrence of two or more psychological disorders in the same individual.
C. The idea that all disorders share a common underlying biological cause.
D. The necessity of using both psychotherapy and medication to treat a single disorde
B. The co-occurrence of two or more psychological disorders in the same individual.
Which class of psychotropic medications is primarily used to treat Bipolar Disorder by stabilizing mood swings between manic and depressive episodes?
A. Antidepressants (SSRIs)
B. Anxiolytics (Anti-anxiety)
C. Antipsychotics
D. Mood Stabilizers
D. Mood Stabilizers
Which disorder is characterized by a person being continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal for six months or more, often without a specific, identifiable cause for the worry?
A. Panic Disorder
B. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
C. Specific Phobia
D. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
D. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Which of the following is a primary characteristic of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)?
A. A pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression.
B. An inflated sense of self-importance and a need for excessive admiration.
C. A pattern of extreme instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood, often accompanied by impulsivity.
D. A pattern of submissiveness and excessive need to be taken care of.
C. BPD is characterized by highly unstable emotions, relationships, and identity, often leading to impulsive, self-destructive behaviors.
Which of the following concepts, developed by Carl Rogers, is essential in client-centered therapy and involves the therapist accepting the client for who they are without judgment?
A. Countertransference
B. Active listening
C. Aversive conditioning
D. Unconditional positive regard
D. Unconditional positive regard is one of the three core conditions (along with genuineness and empathy) for therapeutic growth in client-centered therapy
In the context of psychodynamic therapy, what term refers to the process where a client redirects feelings experienced in an important personal relationship toward the therapist?
A. Countertransference
B. Free association
C. Transference
D. Interpretation
C. Transference occurs when the patient treats the therapist as if the therapist were a significant figure from the patient's past (e.g., a parent), allowing the therapist to analyze unresolved conflicts.
A behavioral therapist using aversive conditioning would most likely use it to treat which of the following?
A. A specific phobia of heights.
B. A client with severe depression.
C. A client who is addicted to smoking or nail-biting.
D. A child who has trouble communicating their feelings.
C. Aversive conditioning pairs an unwanted stimulus (like a habit or addictive behavior) with an unpleasant stimulus (like a mild shock or nausea-inducing drug) to create a negative association.
Which of the following is considered a negative symptom of schizophrenia?
A. Hallucinations
B. Delusions
C. Disorganized and incoherent speech.
D. Avolition
D. Avolition
A key principle of the psychological perspective on the etiology of psychological disorders emphasizes that:
A. Disorders are largely caused by chemical imbalances in the brain.
B. Learning, stress, and maladaptive thought patterns are significant contributing factors.
C. Disorders are solely the result of inherited genetic predispositions.
D. Psychological symptoms are a form of spiritual or demonic possession.
B. Learning, stress, and maladaptive thought patterns are significant contributing factors.
A central technique used by psychoanalytic therapists where the patient relaxes and then speaks about whatever comes to mind, without censoring thoughts, is called:
A. Transference analysis
B. Free association
C. Cognitive restructuring
D. Systematic desensitization
B. Free association is a core technique in psychoanalysis intended to allow unconscious thoughts and conflicts to emerge.
Which type of behavioral therapy involves building a hierarchy of fears and then training the client to use relaxation techniques while gradually confronting the feared stimulus, from least frightening to most frightening?
A. Aversive conditioning
B. Token economy
C. Systematic desensitization
D. Cognitive restructuring
C. Systematic desensitization is a behavioral technique used to treat phobias and anxiety disorders by pairing a relaxation state with gradual exposure to an anxiety-inducing stimulus.
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs), such as Prozac and Zoloft, are the most commonly prescribed class of drugs for which type of disorder?
A. Schizophrenia
B. Bipolar disorder
C. Depressive disorders
D. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
C. SSRIs work by increasing the amount of serotonin in the synaptic cleft and are primarily used as a first-line treatment for major depressive disorder and many anxiety disorders.