1. The Aftermath of World War II and the Origins of the Cold War (115-116)
He was removed from power with the 1917 Russian Revolution.
Tsar Nicholas II
These 3 countries led the Axis powers in WW2.
Germany, Italy, Japan
This was the number of zones that the German territory was supposed to be split into after the end of WWII.This was the number of zones that the German territory was supposed to be split into after the end of WWII.
4
This is how reliable East German GDP data are.
Not at all!
The Chance for Peace speech reflected what economic concept?
trade offs
Soviet defense spending as percent of GDP was consistently _____ than that of the United States during the Cold War.
higher
What does MIRV stand for?
Multiple Independent Targeted Re-Entry Vehicles
This is what was the main element of Marxist economic doctrine.
gov owns means of production and major resources in economy
These two influences affected economic organization within the USSR.
American-style of mass production under centralized management
German wartime economy model (fixed prices for commodities)
This is when fighting resumed between the North and South Vietnamese.
When S.V. moved to expel N.V. focus that had been allowed to remain in the south
This rose higher for the Soviets during the Afghanistan conflict, (the costs of the war or the total defense spending).
Costs of war
This is how Gorbachev made the Soviet economy more efficient.
Make factory managers more responsible, authorized some private/cooperative businesses, expanded private initiatives
This set Western Europe apart from Eastern Europe.
open market economy vs command economy
Germany invaded Poland on this date.
September 1939(the 1st)
This was the primary function of the Berlin Wall.
To stop defectors from East to the West
This is how realistic East German GDP data are calculated.
estimates based on labor productivity and GDP per capita
Economist ___ studied how the allocation of dollars to defense spending was done in an irrational, emotional way.
William Weida
What did Johnson propose in 1967 after the USSR constructed an ABM in Moscow?
SALT
What is an MIRV?
a single missile with several warheads, each of which can hit a different target
According to a 1985 report by the Central Intelligence Agency, gross national product and its growth rate, per capita consumption, the quality of consumer goods and services, agriculture, the development of new technology, and the productivity of labor were all ______ in the U.S. after the mid-1970s than in the Soviet Union.
higher
These years are when the Korean War lasted.
1950-1953
This is when the first wave of US combat troops arrived in Vietnam.
1965
This person became the leader of the USSR in 1985.
Mikhail Gorbachev
The Soviet transition away from Communism was anything but a __________ ________.
Resounding success
Vladimir Lenin led this party.
Bolshevik
This conference ended WW2 in this year
Potsdam conference; summer of 1945
This was the stated purpose of the Berlin Wall.
To stop westerners from entering East germany.
Quality of living was higher in ____ Berlin.
West
Eisenhower said that every gun that is made is a theft from __
the hungry and cold
When were the first official SALT talks held?
Late 1969
This is when President Ford and General Secretary Brezhnev agree to a basic framework of SALT II.
November 1974
This is why the market-based system of the United states more responsive to consumer demands.
sellers who failed to provide the things that consumers wanted would have lost customers to more responsive sellers, and ussr didn't have same incentives
Lenin lead this party.
Bolsheviks
This is how many American, North, and South Vietnamese die throughout the Vietnam war.
60k, 1 mil, 250k
This is what Reagan promised before being elected.
To build up America’s military defenses
During the transition from Communism, ________ who wanted privatization and an immediate transition to a market economy clashed with ________ who thought that only renewed authoritarianism could restore economic order.
Radicals, Stalinists
The Soviet economy was this type of economy.
command economy
What did the Bretton Woods system establish?
U.S. dollar as primary currency, IMF and world bank
This is the goal of the World Bank.
To end extreme poverty and boost shared prosperity around the world
What is a consequence of the division between East/West Germany that stands to this day?
Certain parts of Eastern Germany have higher unemployment, are more poverty-stricken
Eisenhower said that the cost for one heavy bomber could fund __ power plants or __ hospitals or __ miles of pavement or __ bushels of wheat or homes for __ people
2, 2, 50, half a million, 8 thousand
When was SALT II signed?
June 1979
This was Salt II designed to deal with?
The issue of MIRVs
The CIA estimated that Soviet per capita consumption levels were only about _______ the American level.
one third
These people had the kitchen debate.
Kruschev and Nixon
This is when US Action in Vietnam “ramped up,” and this is why military spending was high before this.
Ramped up in 1965, already high due to high military spending during cold war
This is why the federal budget deficit rose dramatically under Regan’s leadership.
Significant increase in defense spending along with the tax cuts of 1981 and 1986
This is what the Soviet economy was managed by.
Thousands of “enterprises”
The Soviet economy was unsustainable for these reasons.
Lack of price info and profit-motive
What percent of the GNP was the Marshall Plan?
2.5 percent
This market contrast was the defining economic feature of the Cold War.
Market vs command economies
What economist wrote “even at the time of reunification...East German productivity and per capita national income were probably about half those of West Germany.”
Charles Maier
Nikita Khrushchev visited the US in the year ___.
1959
What was the opportunity cost of spending so much money on the arms race?
Other projects
This is the SALT II limit on strategic nuclear delivery vehicles for each side.
2400
This is how Soviet GDP compared to the US's GDP throughout the Cold War.
It never even came close to the US's.
This is how much the Korean War cost the US.
$30 billion/$300 billion in today’s dollars
This waws one means that Kennedy used to "stimulate the sluggish economy" and it was also referred to as this.
Increased defense spending, “military Keynesianism”
Even though Reagan’s promised increases in tax revenue failed, Reagan did manage to increase US spending in this area.
defense
Gorbachev was following the lead of this country with a centrally controlled economy.
China
This period is officially defined as the Cold War.
September 2, 1945 to December 26, 1991
Which economist noted that the Marshall Plan wasn’t actually a saving grace, and that Europe would’ve probably recovered well on its own?
Barry Eichengreen
This many countries were in the initial agreement of GATT.
23
What was the “plausible” East German growth rate (in GDP per capita) from 1950 to 1989?
3.77%
Which regions of the United States benefited particularly from military spending focused in said regions?
The Midwest and West
What did SALT I target?
Anti-ballistic missiles
This is the SALT II limit on MIRV systems.
1320
This is what was the fundamental reason for the Soviet economy's failure.
Lack of markets; no price mechanism to coordinate between consumers and sellers
This was American GDP at the time of the Korean War.
370 bil
In the early 1960s, this percentage of GDP was defense spending.
9%
This term is when Reagan’s defense spending rose dramatically
first
This is what the 1986 “Law on Individual Labor Activity” allowed people to do.
Permitted people to work outside of state enterprises
The date that WW2 officially ended on.
Sept. 2, 1945
This doctrine stated that the main purpose of American foreign policy was to stop Soviet expansion.
Truman Doctrine
This is what the Berlin wall grew to represent
A rift in a country once united
What was the reported East German growth rate (in GDP per capita) from 1950 to 1989?
5.62%
According to the DoD study cited by Weida, job creation impact of defense spending was significant in (this decade) but become ____ impactful over time.
1980s, less
When did President Johnson announce that the USSR constructed an Anti-Ballistic Missile system around Moscow?
1967
This is what SALT II was supposed to ban entirely.
Land-based ICBM launchers
This is what central planning led to in the USSR.
shortages of goods; many had to wait in line for goods
This was how many North Korean and Chinese soldiers were killed during the Korean War.
Over 1 million
This many soviet soldiers died during the Afghanistan war, and this is when the Soviet government released these statistics.
12,310, 198812,310, 1988
This was Reagan's most controversial program.
SDI
This is what the 1988 “Law on Cooperatives” allowed people to do
New business cooperatives and replaced central planning with independent planning in some sectors
The date that the USSR official dissolved on.
Dec. 26, 1991
Most of the funds provided by the Marshall Plan came in this form.
grants
This was when the Berlin wall was erected.
1961
Public goods like military defense must be ___
provided by the government
In the mid-1980s, the US DoE employed ____ people to build and design nuclear weapons.
65,000
Why had the USSR constructed an anti-ballistic missile system around Moscow?
Shoot down incoming American missiles
This is what ICBM stands for.
Intercontinental ballistic missile
This is who said that "the Soviet system built the
capacity of an authoritarian state to select and direct
personnel, to protect its supply chains and to channel
and filter information.”
Mark Harrison
This was how many South Korean Soldiers and American Soldiers died throughout the Korean War.
217k, 34k
This was the percentage of GDP in military spending in 1965 and 1967.
7, 8.7
This was known as the Star Wars Program.
SDI
After the collapse of the USSR, some of the former Soviet satellite countries in Eastern Europe transitioned successfully and rapidly to _______ __________.
Market Economies
Profit-motive does this.
Coordinates desires of consumers w/ plans of suppliers
The dates spanned by the Marshall Plan.
July 1948 to June 1951
These two economists said “An organization of states allied for defense...produce a public good, only in this case the ‘public’—the members of the organization—are states rather than individuals.
Mancur Olson and Richard Zeckhuaser
The arms race can be seen as a consideration of the benefits of ___ compared to the costs of ___.
deterrence; armaments
Many of the 550,000 production workers employed by the aerospace industry worked on building ____.
Nuclear weapon delivery systems
How did Johnson respond to the development of the ABM?
He proposed SALT
SALT II was supposed to limit the deployment of new types of _________ ____________ _______.
Strategic offensive arms
Soviet consumers had little ____________ over what was produced and producers had little __________.
influence, competition
This was when the armistice that stalemated the Korean war signed.
July 27,1953
This is when the Soviets first intervened in Afghanistan.
Late 1979Late 1979
Gorbachev implements liberalization in the economy, also known as __________________.
perestroika
Places with the most successful transitions experienced significant inflows of _________ _________ __________ and were able to build an infrastructure that supported dynamic _______ ___________ across the country.
Foreign direct investment, small businesses
Lenin acted as the head of the Soviet government during these years.
1917-1924
The Germans unconditionally surrendered on this date.
May 8, 1945
In international alliances, large nations will bear a ____________ share of the burden of common defense spending.
disproportionate
Deterrence can be viewed as a ___ good.
public
Nuclear forces constitute how much of total American defense spending during the Cold War?
A small fraction
Who were the two people that signed the ABM treaty?
Pres Richard Nixon and Soviet General Sec Leonid Brezhnev
This is why President Carter pulled the SALT II treaty from consideration by the Senate.
Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
This economist said "the Soviet system repeatedly ran into
the limits on economic progress set by a system that took shape during industrialization in the 1930s."
Philip Hanson
This was what the Vietnam war “grew out of”
Indochina War between France and the Viet Minh
This was how long the Afghanistan conflict lasted for, and this is how many Afghan civilians would it kill in the process.
10 years, 2 million
This is what the Soviets spent an unusually high share of their budget on.
defense
This was when the Soviet flag lowered for the last time at the Kremlin.
December 25, 1991
He succeeded Lenin.
Joseph Stalin
This many Soviet soldiers died in WW2?
8.8 Million
When was the most recent GATT negotiation?
2001
Because military buildup was not provided by markets, ___.
the cost increased
Why does the cost of producing nuclear weapon materials not accurately represent the total cost of nuclear weapon production?
Does not include environmental costs or costs of delivery systems
When was the ABM treaty signed?
1972
True or false: the US and USSR never observed the terms of SALT II since it was ever officially ratified by the Senate.
FALSE
These impressive feats are what the Soviet economy accomplished.
industrial capacity was high at its peak
technological innovation (space!!)
These people were the viet Minh, and these people occupied their territory.
Communist Independence Coalition, France
This is who the US supplied “critical armaments” to throughout the Afghanistan war.
Mujahideen
This is what the Soviet economic system burdened by.
Deep fundamental flaws
This happened to the countries that didn’t have a successful transition.
What is : Ended up with some form of authoritarian rule
This was the name for the sweeping reforms FDR implemented.
The New Deal
This many US soldiers died in WW2?
417,000
This was American GNP in 1964.
$569 billion
One B-1B bomber cost $___.
$333 million
US defense spending as percent of GDP rose by ____ percent during the Korean War.
6
What does ABM stand for?
Anti-Ballistic Missile
This is the idea discussed during the Kitchen Debate that captures the differences between the two economic systems.
american consumers have access to a variety of household stuff that the USSR didn't
This is Sputnik and when did it launch?
first satellite; October 1957first satellite; October 1957
The end of the Indochina war created a dividing line at the ______th parallel, which split Vietnam into North and South
17
This is why the Afghanistan war “not significantly impact the Soviet economy.”
Slow addition of troops over time, minimization of material/human losses
This is what Alexander Dallin and Gail Lapidus observed of the Soviet economic system.
It was on the threshold of major crisis
These 3 countries led the Allies in WW2.
USA, UK, USSR
Number of lives claimed by WW2
60 to 80 Million
This was the percentage of its GNP did the US spend on defense in 1964.
nine
President ___ gave the Chance for Peace speech in the month ___.
Eisenhower; April 1953
US military spending fell as which Cold War military conflict began?
Vietnam War
What did the ABM treaty do?
Limited strategic missile defenses to two hundred interceptors each
The USSR was the first ___ gov in the world.
marxist
By the mid-1980s, Soviet industrial output reached about ___ percent that of the U.S.
80
Even after 1954, this was occuring in North and South Vietnam?
Civil Strife
A CIA report from this year estimates that the Soviets spent this amount of their money/this percentage of their defense budget on the Afghanistan conflict from 1979 to 1986. (3 things)
1987;15 billion rubles;12.5%
This is what Gorbachev’s economic advisor Grigory Yavlinsky famously said.
“The Soviet system is not working because the workers are not working”