Phenotypes & Genotypes
What are Punnett squares used for? What goes on the outside and inside of the grid system?
A characteristic controlled by two or more genes.
What is a polygenic trait?
He was named the "Father of Modern Genetics."
Due to his discovery, what name was given to Gregor Mendel?
The end product results in 4 genetically unique haploid gametes.
How many cells does meiosis produce?
This type of dominance is seen when an organism has two dominant traits shown. For example, a blue flower breed with a red flower is likely to a produce red and blue colored flower.
What is codominance?
Multiple traits can mean that a specific gene can have possibly have more genetic diversity. Blood types are often controlled by one gene, but the three alleles can produce four distinct blood types.
What is meant by having multiple alleles for a trait? Provide an example.
This is when one gene can hide or “turn off” other genes.
What is epistasis?
Peas were useful since they had multiple offspring, a short life cycle, and were easy to grow.
Why did Gregor Mendel use pea plants?
This process produces four genetically unique haploid gametes.
What kind of cells does meiosis produce?
This type of dominance is where both traits are mixed together. For example, a blue flower breed with a red flower is likely to have a purple flowered offspring.
What is Incomplete Dominance?
The environment, the organism's genotype, nutrition and its development are all factors of this.
What are some factors that determine the phenotype of the organism?
A person who "carries" a autosomal recessive gene, normally found on the X chromosome. The person is always heterozygous, or a hybrid, for a condition.
What is a carrier? What genotype and phenotype do they have?
He breeded over 28,000 pea plants to identify distinct, single-gene traits, like color and if the pea was wrinkled or round.
What was his experimental design?
Meiosis produces genetically unique haploid gametes from diploid cells, ensuring that the offspring will have the correct chromosome number while promoting genetic diversity.
How does meiosis relate to genetics?
This type of Punnett Square shows a cross between two hybrids that are heterozygous, or a hybrid for two different traits. This type of Punnett Square often uses the FOIL method to fill in the spaces on the outside.
What is a dihybrid cross?
Environmental factors such as nutrition, temperature, and light can impact an organism's phenotype. Height is a phenotype that is strongly affected by the environment.
How can one’s environment impact their phenotype? Provide an example.
This is a diagram of family history that uses standardized symbols, like a circle for a woman and a square for a man. The diagram is used to show which family members have certain traits and diseases.
What is a pedigree? What is it used for?
Gregor Mendel established the three main Principles of Genetics; Segregation, with the alleles separate during gamete formation, Independent Assortment, where the traits are inherited independently, and Dominance, where one factor can mask another.
What were his main takeaways/principles?
Diploid cells contain 2 sets, while haploid cells only contain a single set of chromosomes.
What is the difference between a diploid and haploid cells?
Complete Dominance masks recessive traits, while incomplete dominance mixes the two dominant traits together, and codominance expresses both traits equally but not being mixed together. Sex-linked genes are normally found on the sex chromosomes, with males being more likely to express traits like color blindness. All the types of dominance aren't found on the sex chromosomes, while the sex-linked genes are.
What are the differences between complete dominance, incomplete dominance, codominance, and sex-linked genes?
Factors such as dominant-recessive inheritance from the organism's parents, polygenic traits, and the environment play a role.
How can organisms have different genotypes but be identical in phenotype?
Genes located close together on a chromosome tend to be inherited together if they are on the same chromosome.
What is Genetic Linkage? How can you tell if two genes will be linked or not?
He found that dominant traits masked the recessive traits, found that, under complete dominance, there was a consistent 3:1 ratio with the plants, and formed the 3 Principles of Genetics.
What were his results?
They both show how patterns can occur at a chromosomal level, while one of them calculates the outcomes of these particular patterns occurring in an organism.
How is the process of meiosis related to Punnett Squares and Mendel’s principles of inheritance?
Autosomal genes are located on the non-sex chromosomes and impact both sexes equally, while sex-linked genes are located on the sex chromosomes (X or Y.) Sex-linked genes produce different inheritance patterns due to males having only one X chromosome, while females have two X chromosomes.
What are the differences between autosomal and sex-linked genes? How do sex-linked genes produce different inheritance patterns in males and females?