Perception (Topic 2.1)
Cognitive process where perception is built from the raw sensory data received from the environment or "sensory input" to build perceptions (e.g., identifying an object based on its shape, color, or texture).
What is bottom-up processing?
The most typical or ideal example of a concept.
What is a prototype?
Brief storage of sensory information.
What is sensory memory?
When old information disrupts learning new information
What is proactive interference?
(e.g., difficulty learning a new password because of the old one).
Retroactive interference occurs when new information disrupts recalling old information (e.g., forgetting your old address after moving to a new one).
Views intelligence as unchangeable, leading to avoidance of challenges.
What is a fixed mindset?
A growth mindset sees intelligence as developable, promoting effort and resilience in learning.
The Gestalt principle where objects close to each other are perceived as a group.
What is proximity?
Involves making decisions based on information that is easily recalled, often due to recent exposure or vividness.
What is a heuristic?
Grouping information into manageable units, making it easier to remember.
DOUBLE JEOPARDY: Give an example.
What is chunking?
Example: remembering a phone number as "123-456-7890" instead of ten separate digits.
The experience of being unable to recall a familiar word, even though you feel like you know it and can often access related information about it, such as its meaning or first letter, giving the sensation that the word is "just out of reach"
What is the "tip-of-the-tongue" phenomenon?
A test that measure what someone has learned (e.g., end-of-course exams)
DOBLE JEOPARDY: What is the other type of common test/what do they measure?
What are achievement tests?
DOUBLE JEOPARDY: Aptitude tests predict future potential (e.g., SAT).
The ability to focus on a single conversation in a noisy environment while filtering out other conversations, unless something personally relevant, like your name, is mentioned.
What is the "cocktail party effect"?
A math formula is an example of this type of problem-solving.
What is an Algorithm?
Algorithms are step-by-step methods that guarantee a solution.
Involves simple repetition to retain information (e.g., repeating a phone number).
DOUBLE JEOPARDY: What is the opposite?
What is maintenance rehearsal?
DOUBLE JEOPARDY: : Elaborative rehearsal involves connecting new information to existing knowledge for deeper encoding (e.g., linking a fact to a personal experience).
When misleading information presented after an event alters the memory of the event.
What is the misinformation effect?
Example: a witness who hears "the car smashed" may recall the collision as more severe than it was.
Refers to the observed rise in average IQ scores over generations, attributed to factors like improved education, nutrition, and healthcare.
What is the Flynn Effect?
A person might not notice if a painting on a wall is replaced while they are distracted is an example of this.
What is change blindness?
Involves continuing an endeavor due to previously invested resources (time, money, etc.), even when it's no longer beneficial.
What is sunk-cost fallacy?
Studying while calm may aid recall during a calm test environment because of this.
(Hint: Divers)
What is state-dependent memory?
Shows that memory retention declines rapidly after learning but stabilizes over time with less steep forgetting.
What is the forgetting curve?
Represents general ability.
What is the "g factor"?
Cues that help us perceive depth and distance using one eye.
DOUBLE JEOPARDY: Parallel lines, like train tracks, appear to converge in the distance, indicating depth.
What are monocular cues.
DOUBLE JEOPARDY: What is Linear perspective?
Higher-order cognitive processes, such as planning, organizing, and self-regulation. They allow individuals to set goals, weigh options, and control impulses, critical for making thoughtful decisions.
What are executive functions?
Distributed practice (studying over multiple sessions) leads to better long-term memory retention than cramming all at once.
What is the spacing effect?
Confusing personal memories with media stories or attributing a friend's idea to oneself are examples of
What is source amnesia?
Source amnesia occurs when someone remembers information but forgets its source, leading to errors such as believing a false story.
Mental age divided by chronological age.
What is an intelligence quotient (IQ)?
IQ scores between 90 and 109 indicate a normal IQ range or average intelligence. Individual adults usually score somewhere between the 70-130 range, with 100 being the theoretical average.