Module 1:Life & Scientific Methdo
The level that life emerges at
What is a cell?
This is where life emerges.
This leads to slow changes in populations over time through individual traits through the selection of certain admirable aspects.
What is artificial selection?
Certain advantageous traits are selected and used to create younger generations that inherit these "superior traits".
These make up matter
What is an atom?
Atoms make up matter. They are the smallest individual units that still have the properties of an element.
These are depicted when two molecules that have the same molecular formula, but different structures.
What are Structural Isomers?
For example, butane and isobutane (shown below) have the same number of carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms, so they both have the same molecular formula (C4H12). However, they have different connectivity. This means that they are structural isomers
This speeds up the rate of reaction by lowering required energy for chemical reactions.
What are enzymes?
This evolves and can have highly ordered structures but does not constitute as a living thing
What is a Virus?
Does not constitute as a living thing as it cannot replicate without a host, grow, and don't independently processes energy (violate the properties of all life).
What is utterly and completely random within genetics?
What is the octet rule?
Atoms want to have eight electrons in their little configuration (outer shell). It's a stable/strong configuration. They're all unstable without the 8.
Polymers are made using dehydration reaction and are broken down using this processes.
What is hydrolysis?
Hydrolysis breaks down bonds using water by adding the water into the polymer chain and bonding with either side of the broken down monomers.
This is the level at which the amount of energy is maintained regardless or the presence or change of rate in reactions with the interdiction of enzymes.
This has an effect on the dependent variable
What is an independent variable.
The independent variable is whatever is being changed to elicit a response from the dependent variable. Dependent depends on independent variable.
An example of natural selection that makes it easier to live/prevent with certain diseases, but still considered a disadvantage in today's society.
What is Sickle Cell Anemia?
Mutation that changed the blood cells in the body. This allowed the body to not get their blood cells targeted by malaria. This is natural selection because they were able to survive and reproduce and thus carry the sickle cell trait.
Covalent bonds share electrons. This other kind of bond transfers electrons.
What is an ionic bond?
These are molecules in which the polar head is hydrophilic and non polar tail is hydrophobic.
What are phospholipids?
In an aqueous solution the heads face the water and create a bilayer with the hydrophobic tails. There are no chemical bonds made, but the relationship creates a layer/membrane between molecules that doesn't allow any pass through.
These are the kinds of amino acids we'd find on the active site of a starch substrate.
What are polar or charged amino acids.
This must simply be testable
What is a scientific hypothesis?
This is the mere requirement to a scientific hypothesis.
This allowed the mouse living in lava rock to survive.
What is a random mutation?
This random mutation allowed the species to go undetected thus allowing them to survive, thrive, and reproduce their advantageous traits.
When a non-polar molecule bonds with another bond it is this kind of molecule.
LIKES STAY W/ LIKES
polar with polar
non-polar with non-polar
This causes temporary/random shifts that completely alter the copying of a strand of DNA and create mutations.
What is a tautomeric shift?
Tautomeric shifts cause mutations in DNA because there is a formation of double bonds because of isomerization. There are two different forms of these different molecules. These are nonsense mutations. These will change to imino forms and we make two hydrogen bonds that causes mutation. Keto forms changing to enol forms. The copies are not the same. It's not yet a mutation as a tautomeric, we'll get our mutation in the copy.
This is the configuration seen within reactants, substrates, and active sites.
What is a lock and key configuration?
These are the three domains of life
What are bacteria, archaea, and ukarya?
Natural selection doesn't and will never have this.
What is a goal?
There is no method to the process. Mutations happen randomly and can help or hurt the population. When it helps, it's carried down through the natural ability to better reproduce.
This action will decrease a solutions pH.
Adding acids decreases pH moving the solution from basic to acidic.
This substance will be more liquid and less stable in warm climates or high temperatures.
What are saturated fats?
The saturated and unsaturated fatty acids are mostly in that double bond that we aw in the fatty acids. Coconut oil, for example, is one of these fats that don't have the trait that solid it liquid at room temperature; meaning it's saturated. Warm climates make saturated fats because they are more stable at high temperatures.
This is what all enzymes are (with the exception of some RNA molecules).
What are proteins?