Imperial Policy
What were the three specific objectives of the Spanish Empire's foreign policy?
1) To conserve all of its territories
2) To strengthen Spanish rule in Europe
3) To defend the Catholic faith
Which elements of Castilla's economy were the greatest sources of income in the 16th century?
- Agriculture and livestock farming
- Crafts
- Trade
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Explain the hierarchy of race in colonial society.
1) Spainards
2) Mestizos (children of a Spaniard and an indigenous woman)
3) Indigenous people
4) Black slaves from Africa
What three things did the rebels of the Revolt of the Comuneros want?
1) The king to live in Castilla
2) Castilian money to be spent in Castilla
3) More Castilian representation in government
Explain the role of women in society.
Women had a secondary role in society.
In rural areas, women did agricultural work and cared for their children. In cities, women looked after their families and could also work as maids, wet nurses, etc.
Only a minority of women received an education.
In order to justify the occupation of indigenous lands, the Spanish argued that they had what? Explain.
"The right of conquest"
Explain the role of indigenous peoples in the "mita" system.
-Indigenous communities were forced to supply the workforce
-The indigenous people worked in harsh conditions. They worked long days of more than 12 hours inside the mines
Explain the opposition in Aragón of the Monarchy's attempts at centralisation.
A revolt broke out in 1591 in defense of its jurisdiction. The king's secretary, Antonio Pérez, had been accused of murder. To escape the Castilian justice system, he fled to Zaragoza and invoked the laws of Aragón.
The Inquisition had power in Aragón, so Felipe used it to prosecute Pérez. Pérez was transferred to the Inquisition prison. This caused riots as it was considered a violation of Aragonese jurisdiction.
How was Spanish society divided? Explain each group of the social structure.
-Nobility
High nobility: landowners, held the highest positions in government.
Low nobility: made of hidalgos, who often had little money and few possessions.
-Clergy
High clergy: high church officials. Administered the Church's vast property, giving them great economic power and influence in the royal court.
Low clergy: usually had low incomes and were originally commoners. Very little religious training.
-Commoners
Paid taxes and carried out productive work. Majority were peasant farmers, artisans and merchants. MOst were modest workers.
Name and explain two significant expeditions to Central and South America and which empires the expeditions conquered.
- Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztec Empire
-Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire
What were the groups that ships travelled in order to protect themselves from pirates and privateers called?
Spanish treasure fleet
Explain some ways in which Felipe II defended Catholicism against Islam?
-He strengthened the role of the Inquisition, prohibited the entry of foreign books into Spain and restricted the departure of Spanish students to other countries. He never granted religious freedom to his subjects.
-He strongly repressed the rebellion of the Moriscos in the Kingdom of Granada in 158.
Name and define the institutions that the king used to rule his empire?
-Councils (consejos). Territorial councils: dealt with matters related to a specific territory. Other councils: dealt with specific areas.
-Viceroys (virreyes) and governors. They represented the king and governed in his name. The viceroys had political, military and judicial powers.
- Chancillerías and audiencias. They were the Supreme Courts of Justice. Their sentences were final, except in special cases.
What three various reasons led to indigenous people being defeated?
-The Spanish had superior weapons and armor
-The conquistadors took advantage of disputes among the indigenous people to establish alliances with different groups
-The indigenous people feared the unknown enemies who arrived on horseback, wearing armor, carrying guns, etc. Some indigenous believed that the invaders were ancient gods from the ocean
Explain what happened in the main square, including the main buildings.
-It was the centre of local life. This is where the city's main buildings were located. The cathedral, town hall and the palaces of important people such as the viceroy or governor.
-People met in the main square, where the market, celebrations and processions were held.
-Justice was administered and proclamations were read out in the main square.
Explain the Hispanic Monarchy's fight against the Turkish empire. Which alliance and which battle had defeated the Turkish fleet?
-The Turks tried to conquer some territories in Germany and Austria. In 1529, the Turks attacked Vienna, but failed to conquer it.
-In the Mediterranean, Barbary pirates, who were allies of the Turks, made trade difficult. In 1570 the Turks conquered Tunisia and Cyprus. To defeat them, Spain, Venice and the pope created a grand alliance that defeated the Turkish fleet at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571.
Which king declared bankruptcy on several occasions.
Felipe II
In which years were the first Leyes de Indias, the Consejo de Indias and the Leyes Nuevas written?
Leyes de Indias: 1512
Consejo de Indias: 1524
Leyes Nuevas: 1542
Explain the system of encomienda within the large agricultural and livestock haciendas.
-The king granted plots of land to a colonist. The grants also included indigenous people who lived on the land, they were to be used as labor.
-The encomendero was supported to protect the local workers and instruct them in Christianity. In practice, the workers were ill-treated and the encomienda became a form of servitude.