MEDIEVAL PERIOD (c. 500–1400)
This social and political system was based on land ownership and personal loyalty between lords and vassals.
What is Feudalism?
This Italian city-state is widely considered the birthplace of the Renaissance.
What is Florence?
This astronomer was the first to mathematically prove the Heliocentric theory, which stated the Earth revolves around the Sun.
Who is Nicolaus Copernicus?
This European nation, led by Prince Henry the Navigator, was the first to sponsor major voyages along the African coast.
What is Portugal?
This devastating pandemic killed roughly one-third of Europe’s population in the 14th century, leading to labor shortages and the decline of serfdom.
What is the Black Death (or Bubonic Plague)?
This intellectual movement focused on human potential, classical Greek and Roman texts, and secular achievements.
What is Humanism?
He was put on trial by the Catholic Church for using his telescope to support the idea that the Earth was not the center of the universe.
Who is Galileo Galilei?
This Italian explorer, sailing for Spain, landed in the Caribbean in 1492 while searching for a route to Asia.
Who is Christopher Columbus?
This series of religious wars was fought between Christians and Muslims for control of the Holy Land.
What are the Crusades?
This 15th-century invention by Johannes Gutenberg allowed for the mass production of books and the rapid spread of new ideas.
What is the Printing Press?
This step-by-step process of observation, experimentation, and hypothesis testing became the foundation of modern science.
What is the Scientific Method?
This term describes the global exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technology between the "Old World" and the "New World".
What is the Columbian Exchange?
This "Maid of Orleans" was a French peasant girl who led troops during the Hundred Years' War before being captured and executed.
Who is Joan of Arc?
This "Universal Man" painted the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper while also filling notebooks with scientific diagrams.
Who is Leonardo da Vinci?
This English scientist developed the laws of motion and universal gravitation, publishing his findings in Principia Mathematica.
Who is Isaac Newton?
This economic policy held that a nation’s power depended on its wealth, specifically its supply of gold and silver.
What is Mercantilism?