Significance & Context
The reason St. Augustine wrote City of God following the Sack of Rome in 410 AD.
What is to defend Christianity (against pagans who blamed it for the fall of Rome)?
This is the name for the flight of Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina in 622 AD, marking Year 1 of the Islamic calendar.
What is the Hijrah?
The rule for monastic life in the West, which emphasized a balance of work, study, and prayer.
What is the Rule of Benedict?
The capital city of Charlemagne's Carolingian Empire, which served as its cultural and political center.
What is Aachen?
The name of the dynasty of Frankish kings that preceded the Carolingian dynasty (e.g., Clovis's family).
What is the Merovingian Dynasty?
The primary economic impact of the Black Death on the surviving population and the institution of serfdom.
What is the rise in wages/decline of serfdom (due to a labor shortage)?
The primary aspect of the Roman Empire that Byzantium successfully preserved for another thousand years.
What is Roman Law
The practice Francis of Assisi adopted in response to the growing wealth of the medieval Church and commercial revolution.
What is Voluntary Poverty?
The strategic region/setting for the rise of Islam, characterized by trade routes between the Byzantine and Sasanian Empires.
What is the Geographic Setting of Arabia?
The name of Muhammad's wealthy merchant wife, who was his first convert to Islam.
Who is Khadija?
This key concept, moving from tribal identity to religious unity, was achieved in Arabia with the formation of the Muslim Ummah.
What is the replacement of tribal loyalty with religious unity?
The city that became the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate and the center of the Islamic "Golden Age."
What is Baghdad?
The name for the settlements established by the Jesuits in Paraguay to protect the Indigenous populations.
What are the Reductions?
The Italian city known for its early universities and for being where Augustine experienced his conversion.
What is Milan?
The Byzantine Empress who convinced Justinian to stay and fight during the Nika Revolt.
Who is Theodora?
The three elements Charlemagne's crowning as Emperor in 800 AD symbolized the fusion of.
What are the Roman tradition, Christian faith, and Germanic custom?
The final pillar of Islam, which involves a pilgrimage to the Ka'ba in Mecca.
What is the Hajj?
The primary reason Pope Gregory VII enforced Clerical Celibacy during the Gregorian Reforms.
What is to prevent church property/offices from becoming hereditary/family inheritance?
The region of Germany from which Martin Luther's protector, Frederick the Wise, was the Elector.
What is Saxony?
The name of the French Calvinists who faced persecution in France.
Who are the Huguenots?
Machiavelli's main contribution to political thought, concerning the relationship between politics and morality.
What is the separation of ethics/morality from politics (i.e., The ends justify the means?)
The specific element of Roman intellectual culture that the Islamic world preserved and expanded upon.
What is Greek/Hellenistic philosophy and science?
The primary difference between Luther's view (Consubstantiation) and Zwingli's view (Memorialism) on the Eucharist that caused the Protestant movement to split.
What is the Real Presence of Christ in the elements (Luther affirmed it; Zwingli denied it)?
The final Western Roman Emperor, a boy-ruler, who was deposed in 476.
Romulus Augustulus?