The Cell Cycle
What step in the cell cycle is defective if the cell contains multiple nuclei?
cytokinesis
Cross involving one trait between pure lines.
monohybrid cross
What is the structure of DNA
A molecule consists of two antiparallel strands made up of nucleotides, with a backbone of sugar and phosphate groups, and nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine) that pairs with another in a double helix formation.
What is the link between genotype and phenotype
the genotype, or genetic makeup, determines the phenotype, or observable traits, of an organism through the expression of genes and environmental interactions.
Describe the central dogma of DNA
DNA-RNA-Proteins
Transcription-Translation
Why do we need to do mitosis? (3 answers)
1. Growth
2. Would repair
3. Asexual reporduction
Define dominant and recessive trait
Dominant: Trait expressed in the presence of another.
Recessive: Trait masked by a dominant trait.
what is telomerase
an enzyme that adds repetitive nucleotide sequences to the ends of chromosomes, called telomeres, preventing them from shortening during DNA replication
This type of point mutation involves the substitution of one nucleotide for another, which may or may not change the encoded amino acid
silent mutation
Before mRNA leaves the nucleus, what two things are added to its ends for protection
5' Cap and poly A tail
Mitotic spindle fibers are composed of what cellular components?
Microtubules
Disproven hypothesis that traits blend in offspring.
Blending Inheritance
What is the Meselson–Stahl experiment
used isotopic labeling of nitrogen to demonstrate that DNA replication is semiconservative, meaning each new DNA molecule consists of one old strand and one newly synthesized strand
explain how mutations can affect the fitness of an organism
Beneficial Mutations: These mutations improve an organism's ability to survive or reproduce in its environment
Neutral Mutations: These mutations have no effect on the organism's fitness because they do not affect traits that influence survival
Harmful Mutations: These mutations decrease an organism's ability to survive or reproduce,
This structure, composed of rRNA and proteins, is responsible for assembling amino acids into polypeptides during translation
a ribosome
Genetic Variation in sexual reproduction results from...(3 answers)
Independent assortment
Crossing over
Random combination of egg and sperm
In humans, color blindness is an X-linked recessive trait. A woman that is heterozygous for colorblindness (XᴺXᵖ) and a man who is colorblind (Xʏ) have children.
a) What is the probability that their son will be colorblind?
b) What is the probability that their daughter will be colorblind?
What is the leading strand
The synthesis of this strand occurs continuously in the 5' to 3' direction toward the replication fork, as DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the growing strand.
What is the one-gene, one-enzyme hypothesis
each gene is responsible for producing a specific enzyme
This RNA-protein complex is responsible for removing introns from pre-mRNA in eukaryotic cells.
spliceosome
A cell has a total of 24 diploid chromosomes. How many different types of chromosomes are there? Write the ploidy equation!
12 different types
2n=24
Why did Mendel pick the pea plant and what were Mendel's 7 traits
What is the lagging strand
The synthesis of this strand occurs discontinuously in the 5' to 3' direction, forming Okazaki fragments that are later joined by DNA ligase
What is the role of RNA in protein production
RNA serves as a template for protein synthesis in the form of mRNA, which is translated into an amino acid sequence by ribosomes with the help of tRNA.
What are the 3 key steps in translation and transcriptions even thought they are very different
Initiation
Elongation
Termination