Warfare and Tactics
These infantrymen carried long spears and defended against cavalry charges.
What are pikemen?
Spain was at war with this emerging republic during the Thirty Years’ War.
What is the Dutch Republic?
These men raised and led armies for personal profit, often prolonging the war.
What are military entrepreneurs?
This was the main cause of division between Protestant and Catholic states in the Holy Roman Empire.
What is the Reformation?
This was the loose collection of over 300 semi-independent states that made up much of central Europe.
What is the Holy Roman Empire?
This battle formation lined musketeers and pikemen side-by-side for continuous fire and defense.
What is linear formation?
This vital land route connected Spanish-held territories and was a major cause of conflict with France.
What is the Spanish Road?
Soldiers were said to continue fighting in order to do this, devastating the land and its people.
What is to feed themselves / live off the land?
This agreement from 1555 allowed princes to choose the religion of their territory.
What is the Peace of Augsburg?
This Holy Roman Emperor tried to centralize power and enforce Catholicism, angering many Protestant princes.
Who was Ferdinand
Historian Michael Roberts argued that this major shift in tactics and technology began during the Thirty Years’ War.
What is the military revolution?
France opposed the Spanish Road because it feared being surrounded by this powerful European dynasty.
What is the Habsburg dynasty?
Only 20% of Gustavus Adolphus’ army at Breitenfeld came from this country.
What is Sweden?
Calvinism was not recognized under the Peace of Augsburg, leading to rising tensions in these territories.
What are Calvinist states/principalities?
German princes resisted imperial authority partly to protect their independence and partly to gain this.
What is territorial power/sovereignty?
These mounted soldiers fired pistols while remaining mobile, supporting infantry tactics.
What is cavalry?
These two Nordic kingdoms were rivals for control of the Baltic Sea.
What are Denmark and Sweden?
This ambitious general profited enormously from the war and raised massive armies for the Emperor.
Who was Wallenstein?
This 1618 incident in Prague sparked the war when Protestants threw Catholic officials out of a window.
What is the Defenestration of Prague?
This Protestant alliance formed in 1608 to defend its members against Catholic aggression.
What is the Protestant Union?
This Swedish king revolutionized military organization and used standing armies to devastating effect in battle.
Who was Gustavus Adolphus?
This French monarch worked to heal religious divisions after years of internal conflict between Catholics and Huguenots.
Who was Henry IV?
This illiterate Scottish soldier rose through the ranks to become a major general in the war.
Who was Alexander Leslie?
This ruling family, staunchly Catholic, sought to reassert religious control over the fragmented Holy Roman Empire.
Who are the Habsburgs?
The Catholic League was formed in response to this Protestant alliance.
What is the Protestant Union?