Identity & Culture
If a person finds themselves often in the minority, this identity might become more ______ over time.
a. threatening
b. salient
c. essentialized
d. hidden
b is correct. Identity salience refers to how context plays a role in which identity is prioritized in a given environment. If a person finds themselves often in the minority, this identity might become more salient (or important) over time.
c or Essentializing is related to treating ethnic group differences as individual traits or a specific learning styles characteristic of that race or ethnicity.
Which of these is a well-defined problem?
a. how to lessen the effects of a pandemic
b. how to be a better friend
c. how to average a list of everyone's ages in the class
d. how to create an art masterpiece
c is correct. Well-defined problems have:
–Clear goals
–Only one correct solution
–Defined procedure for reaching a solution
–All information is specified
Olivia's grandmother demonstrates a unique method of checking the freshness of eggs by placing them in a bowl of water. Olivia discovers that the same technique can be applied to determine the density of different materials in her physics experiment. Which term is best demonstrated:
a. analogical problem-solving
b. lateral transfer
c. vertical transfer
d. negative transfer
a is correct. Analogical problem solving is finding a problem that is similar to the problem you need to solve and mapping the solution of that source problem onto the target problem.
Which person is NOT extrinsically motivated?
a. Alex studies chemistry because he wants a good grade on the exam
b. Belle does the dishes because she wants her mom to think she is a good girl
c. Calvin reads Hamlet for English class because he likes Shakespeare plays
d. Darla gets paid every time she practices piano
C is correct
Which of these questions does NOT promote a growth mindset:
a. What mistake did you make that taught you something?
b. What will you do to improve your work?
c. Are you smart enough to solve this problem?
d. The point isn't to get it all right away. What can you try next?
C. is correct. Growth mindset:
•Intelligence is not fixed
•Ability can be changed
•Mistakes can increase effort
•Difficulties are challenges to be overcome (energizing)
•Effort will lead to improvement
_________ refers to the anxiety that one feels when they are in a testing situation and at risk of confirming negative prejudice about their social group:
a. cognitive dissonance
b. identity salience
c. minimal group paradigm
d. stereotype threat
d is correct! math testing after gender or race is invoked
Students were asked to list how many things they can do with a mirror. Which answer demonstrates the most fluency according to the Guilford measures:
a. look at your face, look around a corner
b. look at your eye, look in your nose, look in your mouth
c. start a fire, send a telegraph message
d. play with a cat by reflecting a dot onto the floor and moving it up and down the wall
b is correct. fluency refers to the most responses but not the most original or most types of responses (flexibility)
Dr. Lancer has studied British Literature for 25 years and know a lot about the subject area but doesn't know how to go about teaching students to analyze the Beowulf text. Dr. Lancer lacks:
a. content knowledge
b. pedagogical content knowledge
c. expertise
d. adaptive expertise
b is correct. pedagogical content knowledge refers to “How” to teach a specific subject versus having deep knowledge of a subject (answer a.)
Which is NOT a characteristic of Attribution theory?
a. Whether something will keep happening
b. Whether there is an internal or external cause for what happened
c. Whether what happened was extrinsically or intrinsically motivated
d. Whether I am in control of what happened
C is correct. Attribution theory related to our interpretations of why things happened as they did.
A refers to stability, B refers to locus (internal/external cause), and D refers to controllability.
Effort: Internal locus, controllable, unstable
Ability: Internal locus, uncontrollable, stable
Luck: External locus, uncontrollable, unstable
Task difficulty: External locus, uncontrollable, stable
Which student has a performance-approach goal?
a. "I don't want to be the worst in the class."
b. "I want my mom to see that I'm smart."
c. "I want do really well so I can get into college."
d. "I don't want to fail in front of my crush."
b is correct. Performance-approach Goal: Want to display competency and receive approval from others. a and d are performance-avoidance goals.
Which is an example of cultural capital:
a. Having a car to be able to drive to school
b. Having relationships with other classmates
c. Having familiarity with the recall or known answer questions that are used frequently on standardized tests
d. Having many informational sources around a child's household such as a library and textbooks
c is correct. Cultural Capital is non-financial and non-social assets that promote social mobility beyond economic means (i.e. may provide an advantage)
Questioning Approaches: Initiate – Response – Evaluate (IRE) versus analogical or metaphorical; IRE matches classroom, so students benefit from the experience at home in the classroom.
the other options refer to social and financial capital
Which is NOT true of an ill-defined problem:
a. schools tend to teach ill-defined problems
b. ill-defined problems have more than one solution
c. ill-defined problems have uncertain goals
d. There are not clear steps to generating solutions for ill-defined problems
a is correct. schools tend to teach well-defined problems with one answer event though there are more ill-defined problems in real life.
Learning how to use a scantron in one class and then using a differently formatted scantron in another class is often very effortless or automatic. This is an example what kind of transfer?
a. negative transfer
b. lateral transfer
c. far transfer
d. low road transfer
d is correct. Low-road transfer happens automatically; skills are carried between situations with little or no reflective or abstract thinking (e.g., one computer to another, one bike to another)
A professor spontaneously sits in on one her elementary ed student's teaching sessions and offers feedback. This is an example of which type of assessment?
a. Formative, Authentic, Formal
b. Formative, Authentic, Informal
c. Formative, Traditional, Informal
d. Summative, Authentic, Formal
b is correct. it is....
Formative- determines students progress, low stakes
Authentic-situated in a real life context, not a test
Informal- Spontaneous, not pre-planned
A student got poor grades in math the past three years even though they put a lot of effort into studying. Which if these is the student most likely to display?
a. learned helplessness
b. performance-approach
c. high self-efficacy
d. a growth mindset
a is correct. Learned helplessness is the belief that we can’t change the course of negative events, that failure is inevitable and insurmountable
Which is NOT true of stereotypes:
a. Stereotypes are mental short cuts
b. Stereotyping is automatic, or occurring without effort
c. A stereotype is connected to a negative attitude towards a group
d. Stereotyped help to make the world more predictable
C is correct--it actually refers to prejudice, or a negative or positive attitude toward a certain group that is applied to its individual members.
Stereotypes involve is social categorization of humans by their characteristics. Categorization (and stereotyping) seems to be fundamental to human nature and it helps to make the world more predictable.
Which is a strategy for solving ill-defined problems, rather than well-defined problems?
a. problem-based learning
b. algorithms
c. working backwards
d. heuristics
a is correct.
Cindy Hmelo-Silver's PBL is an active approach to learning in which learners collaborate in understanding and solving complex, ill-defined problems
Dr. Helen is able to read music written for French horn even though she is expert in piano performance. However, Dr. Helen knows she needs to work on her breathing technique to play French horn. Which feature of expertise is she displaying?
a. Fluent retrieval
b. Adaptive expertise
c. Ability to notice meaningful patterns
d. Knowledge organization
b is correct. Adaptive expertise is the ability to approach new situations flexibly. It also includes monitoring one’s current level of understanding and taking steps to continue to further learn.
Ms. Ash feels that the SAT measures students' readiness for college but finds that students' scores are not consistent over time when they take and retake the exam. According to Ms. Ash this assessment would be considered:
a. Invalid and reliable
b. Valid and reliable
c. Invalid and unreliable
d. Valid and unreliable
d is correct! The exam is valid because it measures what it says it will measure (think content validity). However, it is unreliable because students do not receive the same result every time.
Which is NOT a mastery goal:
a. I want to study to learn about animals
b. I want to understand how a plane flies
c. I want to be the very best in the field
d. I want to get better at piano
c is correct-- this is a performance-approach goal. It may also be a career goal.
Which was NOT said during Chimamanda Adichie "Danger of a Single Story":
a. "Focusing on a single story emphasizes differences among people rather than similarities.."
b. "Stereotypes encourage critique of current social inequities in the community..."
c. "The problem with stereotypes is that they are incomplete, they make one story.."
d. "Stories can be used to empower, humanize, and repair broken dignity"
B was not stated by Chimamanda Adichie. Here is her original quote in it's entirety about why only a single story about a person's identity is dangerous:
"The problem with stereotypes is that they are incomplete; they make one story the only story. Focusing on a single story emphasizes differences among people rather than similarities. Stories can be used to empower, humanize, and repair broken dignity..."
Three persons listed the animals they could think of in 10 seconds--
Person 1: Persian calico cat, Turkish angora calico cat
Person 2: cat, dog, hamster, guinea pig, rat
Person 3: Pangolin, octopus, stork, kangaroo
According to the Guilford measures, person__ has the most flexibility and person __ has the most elaboration.
a. 3 & 1
b. 2 & 1
c. 2 & 3
d. 1 & 3
a is correct. Flexibility refers to the number of different categories of relevant responses. Person 3 had the most diverse set of answers. However, Person 1 elaborated on the animals they had listed in the most detail.
All are misconceptions about being an expert except:
a. Experts are always good teachers of their subject
b. Experts know all the answers
c. Experts have more background knowledge than novices
d. Experts must search through ALL their knowledge to retrieve information
c is correct. a is not true because experts may forget what could be difficult for novices (expert blind spot). b is not true because a feature of expertise is knowing there are gaps in one's knowledge (metacognition) and that one is never done learning. d is not true because a feature of expertise is having a efficient system of organizing information (buckets) so that one does not have to filter through all knowledge to get to an answer.
If I believe that I won my ultimate frisbee game because I am tall. Aaron believes that he lost the frisbee game because the wind blew the disc out of his reach.
According to attribution theory, my belief about my win is attributed as/to a(n) ________ . Aaron's reasoning for his loss is _________.
a. Stable; uncontrollable
b. Unstable; external locus
c. Internal locus; stable
d. External locus; controllable
a is correct! Recall that...
Stable: due to unchanging factors
Unstable: due to changing factors
Controllable: feeling that a person can influence the events and their outcomes
Uncontrollable: feeling that a person cannot influence the events and their outcomes
Internal Locus or dispositional: due to personal factors such as traits, abilities, attitude, character
External or situational: due to situational factors (i.e., luck or task difficulty)
Which psychologist pioneered the research for the Growth Mindset?
a. Carol Dweck
b. Albert Bandura
c. Susan Goldin-Meadow
d. Martin Seligman
a is correct