Renal A&P
This functional unit of the kidney is responsible for filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
What is the nephron?
This hormone increases water reabsorption in the collecting ducts when blood volume is low.
What is antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
Hematuria with red cell casts is most characteristic of this condition.
What is glomerulonephritis?
his type of AKI results from decreased renal perfusion without direct kidney damage.
What is prerenal AKI?
Hypertension and diabetes mellitus are the two most common causes of this disease.
What is chronic kidney disease?
This medication stimulates red blood cell production and is used to treat anemia in chronic kidney disease.
What is epoetin alfa?
This capillary system is a high‑pressure filtration network located between afferent and efferent arterioles.
What is the glomerulus?
This system regulates blood pressure by altering sodium and water reabsorption.
What is the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system?
Immune‑mediated glomerular injury may result from circulating complexes of these two things.
What are antigen–antibody complexes?
Prolonged ischemia and exposure to nephrotoxic drugs are causes of this AKI type.
What is intrinsic (intrarenal) AKI?
A GFR between 30–59 mL/min indicates this stage of CKD.
What is Stage 3 CKD?
This class of diuretics works in the distal tubule and commonly causes hypokalemia.
What are thiazide diuretics (hydrochlorothiazide)?
This part of the nephron reabsorbs the greatest amount of sodium and water back into circulation.
What is the proximal convoluted tubule?
A patient with rising potassium levels triggers the release of this hormone.
What is aldosterone?
Massive proteinuria, hyperlipidemia, and edema define this glomerular disorder.
What is nephrotic syndrome?
A patient with bilateral ureteral obstruction develops this classification of AKI.
What is postrenal AKI?
Loss of erythropoietin production in CKD leads to this common complication.
What is anemia?
A patient receiving this loop diuretic reports ringing in the ears; the nurse recognizes this as a serious adverse effect.
What is ototoxicity from furosemide?
Damage to the foot processes of epithelial cells would most directly impair this renal process.
What is glomerular filtration?
This enzyme allows carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid, influencing sodium reabsorption and pH balance.
What is carbonic anhydrase?
This pathophysiologic change explains why patients with nephrotic syndrome develop edema.
What is hypoalbuminemia leading to decreased oncotic pressure?
During this AKI phase, BUN and creatinine remain elevated while urine output increases.
What is the diuretic phase?
Hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia stimulate this hormone, contributing to renal bone disease.
What is parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
This potassium‑sparing diuretic blocks aldosterone receptors and requires teaching to avoid salt substitutes.
What is spironolactone?
A patient has normal renal anatomy but impaired erythropoietin production—this kidney function is primarily affected.
What is endocrine regulation of red blood cell production?
A sustained doubling of serum creatinine suggests this percentage loss of renal function.
What is approximately 50% loss of kidney function?
A patient with cola‑colored urine, azotemia, and decreased GFR most likely has this type of glomerular syndrome.
What is a nephritic syndrome?
A patient with AKI develops hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, and pulmonary edema—this physiologic change best explains the findings.
What is decreased glomerular filtration leading to retained electrolytes and fluid?
A CKD patient with low albumin experiences altered drug efficacy primarily due to changes in this pharmacokinetic property.
What is altered drug distribution?
A patient with CKD on diuretics, elevated potassium, and peaked T‑waves requires immediate nursing intervention related to this medication effect.
What is hyperkalemia caused by potassium‑sparing diuretics (such as spironolactone)?