Neuromuscular System
What are the two major divisions of the nervous system that play a role in physical movement?
What are the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
This is the basic contractile unit of a muscle fiber.
What is the sarcomere.
This is a chronic adaptation to resistance training that results in an increase in muscle fiber cross-sectional area.
What is hypertrophy?
These are the 2 origins of fatigue.
What is central and peripheral?
This is the term for a sudden, involuntary muscle contraction during exercise.
Exercise-associated muscle cramp.
Which type of neuron carries signals from the central nervous system (CNS) to muscles and other tissues?
What are Efferent neurons.
Which type of muscle fibers are primarily responsible for rapid, forceful contractions?
What are Type II muscle fibers (fast-twitch).
This training adaptation to the muscle fiber type occurs with chronic endurance training.
What is a shift from type IIa to more type I fibers.
This type of fatigue occurs when a muscle is repeatedly activated but not given enough time to recover.
What is peripheral.
These cramps often happen at night.
Nocturnal cramps.
What is the primary function of the cerebellum in relation to physical movement?
What is coordination and fine-tuning of movements.
Which connective tissue surrounds a bundle of muscle fibers?
What is the Perimysium.
This training adaptation to motor unit type (fibers + neuron) occurs from chronic resistance training.
What is a shift from type I and type IIx fibers to type IIa.
This Theory hypothesizes that the brain regulates exercise capability to ensure the body only exerts a safe quantity of effort, and thus the brain overrides physical ability by shutting down contraction in order to prevent serious, or even permanent, damage.
What is The Central Governor Theory?
This is the primary theory behind exercise-associated muscle cramps.
What is the neuromuscular control theory?
What division of the nervous system is responsible for transmitting signals from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and other tissues?
The motor division (of the peripheral nervous system).
This ion is released to initiate muscle contraction in the contractile unit of a muscle fiber.
What is Calcium?
By using more of the anaerobic system in exercise training, muscle fibers will increase the concentration of these enzymes.
What are the ATP-PCr and Glycolytic enzymes (CK, PFK, etc.)
Heat and increased body temperature can contribute to exercise-induced fatigue through what mechanisms?
This theory for cramping likely occurs in cases of extreme sweating and dehydration.
What is electrolyte depletion theory?
Which component of the brain is responsible for initiating and coordinating physical movements?
What is the motor cortex (pre- and primary)
During an isometric contraction, this step in the sliding filament theory differs from that of a concentric contraction.
What is detaching and binding to an actin further down the line (it reattaches to the same globular-actin).
With improved fitness capacity, the cross-over point of primarily using fats to primarily using carbohydrates will shift in which direction?
to the RIGHT (use fats for longer durations/higher intensities)
The accumulation of this ion during glycolysis can stimulate muscular fatigue through this sensory receptor.
What is H+ and mechanoreceptors?
List 3 of the 4 strategies discussed in class for managing EAMC.
What are:
•Conditioning
•Static & dynamic stretching
•Fluid & electrolyte balance
•Replenish glycogen
•Reduce exercise intensity & duration at onset