basics
The scientific study of the ways people grow, change, and adapt throughout life.
What is human development?
He proposed four stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational.
Who is Jean Piaget?
Ages 18–40, focus on forming relationships, advancing careers, and achieving independence
What is young adulthood?
Natural, instinctual responses newborns are born with, like shivering or sucking.
What are reflexes?
The stage where children focus on learning new skills, gaining competence, and feeling capable.
What is industry vs. inferiority?
Human development examines physical, cognitive, emotional, and ___ changes.
What are social changes?
This theorist emphasized psychosocial development across eight life stages, from trust to integrity.
Who is Erik Erikson?
Ages 40–65, balancing work, family, and personal growth while reflecting on long-term goals.
What is middle adulthood?
The automatic response where babies turn their heads toward a touch on their cheeks for feeding.
What is the rooting reflex?
Physical traits that develop during puberty but are not directly involved in reproduction.
What are secondary sexual characteristics?
The interaction of genetics, environment, culture, and personal experiences that shape an individual.
What are nature and nurture?
He developed social learning theory, showing people learn through observation and modeling.
Who is Albert Bandura?
Ages 65+, coping with physical decline, retirement, and reflecting on life achievements.
What is late adulthood?
rikson’s first stage, where infants learn whether they can rely on the world.
What is trust vs. mistrust?
The individual’s sense of self based on group membership, like nationality, religion, or profession.
What is social identity?
These are the personal and social experiences, like parenting, culture, and education, that influence development.
What are environmental influences?
Known for psychosexual stages of personality development influenced by early childhood.
Who is Sigmund Freud?
Erikson’s stage in late adulthood, where individuals reflect on life?
What is integrity vs. despair?
The emotional connection that develops between caregiver and child, supporting safety and security.
What is bonding?
Identity statuses that describe exploration and commitment include identity achievement, foreclosure, moratorium, and ___.
What is identity diffusion?
What area of study helps us understand how and why people remain the same in some ways while evolving and adapting in others as they go through different life stages?
What is Stability & Change?
Focused on how social interaction and culture influence cognitive development.
Who is Lev Vygotsky?
The process in which cognitive, emotional, and social growth continue throughout life.
What is continuous development?
Refers to a child’s natural personality traits, such as mood, adaptability, and activity level.
What is temperament?
The “versions of who you might become in the future,” including ideal selves and feared selves.
What are possible selves?