salt
pepper
paprika
garlic
onion
100
Distinguish between the 3 types of muscles

Smooth: visceral organs - stomach, intestines, esophagus, lungs, reproductive organs

-Surrounding internal organs

-multinucleated, elongated, fusiform


Cardiac: heart

-larger nucleus

-glycogen stored around nucleus

-striations: arrangements of proteins inside the cell (myosin and actin)

-autorhythmicity


Skeletal:

-structured proteins for contraction and relaxation of the fibers

-multinucleated 

-DNA: blueprint for making protein

-only one we can control

100

what are the 5 universal properties of muscle tissue?

  1. Excitability - responsive to stimuli (chemical, electrical, stretch)
  2. Conductivity- local electrical excitation sets off a wave of excitation that travels rapidly along the cell and initiates processed leading to contraction
  3. Contractility - shorten when stimulated, enabling them to pull on bones and other organs to create movement
  4. Extensibility- able to stretch again between contractions. Can stretch 3x their contracted length
  5. Elasticity - when a muscle cell is stretch and then released, it recoils to a shorten length. If there wasn’t this recoil resting muscles would be too slack or flabby
100

thin sleeve of loose connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber. Creates room for blood capillaries and nerve fibers to reach every muscle fiber, ensuring that no muscle cell is without stimulation and nourishment

endomysium

100

sheet of connective tissue that separates neighboring muscles or muscle groups from each other and from the subcutaneous tissue. 

fascia

100

neuron and the muscle cell it innervates

motor unit

200

what are the 7 functions of muscular tissue?

  1. Movement- voluntary control of muscles
  2. Stability - posture/holding upright against gravity, stabilize joints
  3. Communication - facial expression, vocalization, 
  4. Controlling body openings and passages - sphincters
  5. Heat production - 20-30% during rest, majority is generated from Na+/K+ pump, exercise can be 85%
  6. Glycemic control - buffer/control glucose in the blood
  7. Endocrine Function - releases myokines, break fat down, metabolism
200

thicker connective tissue sheath that wraps muscle fibers together in bundles (fascicles). Carries larger nerves and blood vessels and stretch receptors (muscle spindles)

perimysium

200

fibrous sheath that surround the entire muscle. Grades into fascia -> into tendon

epimysium

200

what is the mounting pressure on the muscles, nerves, and blood vessels that can trigger a sequence of degenerative events?

what are the 2 types?

compartment syndrome


Acute: emergency; trauma related

Chronic: overuse; exercise or repetitive use

200

the sarcoplasm is occupied mainly by long protein cords called

myofibrils

300

Explain how muscle is involved in heat generation

(Molecular level of muscle)

when muscle contracts, it uses ATP. We break down ATP into ADP and Pi, so energy is released in the form of heat

300

the plasma membrane of a muscle fiber

sarcolemma

300

the cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

sarcoplasm

300

dilated end sacs on the sarcoplasmic reticulum that cross the muscle fiber from one side to the other and serve as a calcium reservoir

terminal cisterns

300

the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle cell

sarcoplasmic reticulum

400

Define: Glycemic control - regulation of blood sugar within normal range (normoglycemia)

Explain how senile atrophy can lead to Type 2 diabetes.

senile atrophy: natural process of the loss of cells due to aging 

-Type 2 diabetes: inability to control or regulate blood glucose levels, insulin resistance

-less muscle mass, theres less capacity for buffering, taking glucose up out of the blood stream. 

400

the protein located between the sarcolemma and the outermost myofilaments that links actin filaments to a peripheral protein on the inner face of the sarcolemma. When thin filaments move, this transfers the force to the basal lamina, endomysium, and then to tendon

dystrophin

400

____ and _____ are called contractile proteins because they do the work of shortening the muscle fiber

myosin and actin

400

the tubular infoldings of the sarcolemma

transverse (T) tubules

400

____ and ____ are called regulatory proteins because together they act like a switch to determine when the fiber can contract and when it cant

tropomyosin and troponin

500

dark band

A band

-thick filaments lying side by side

-part where thick and thin overlap is especially dark

500

light band

i band

-thin filaments

500

what spans from z-disc to z-disc

sarcomere

-contractile unit

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