Chasing Significance
If this is true, we expect no difference between groups.
What is the null hypothesis?
Scientists have "hijacked" this type of particle to deliver novel genes to neural tissue.
What are AAVs? (adeno-associated viruses)
This is the term for the difference between excitation and emission wavelengths in fluorescence, which occurs because some energy is when the electron returns to its ground state.
What is the Stokes shift?
MRI works by manipulating the magnetic properties of protons in this element.
What is hydrogen?
This quality of EEG data represents its main experimental advantage over fMRI.
What is high temporal resolution?
This value is expressed in terms of probability, and tells us how likely our result is if H0 is true.
What is the p-value?
Transcription factors in a neuron injected with an AAV bind to this region of the AAV's genetic material.
What is the promoter region?
This is the class of genes to which c-Fos belongs, characterized by their rapid transcription within minutes of neural stimulation
What are immediate early genes (IEGs)?
As you know, fMRI measures a "proxy" for neural activity. The word "proxy" captures the key limitation that, fMRI tracks blood flow changes rather than doing this directly.
Measuring the electrical activity of neurons directly.
The letter "N" in a component name like N200 tells you this about the deflection.
That is is a negative-going component.
Given two groups, this value measures the size of the difference between sample means relative to the general variation in the data.
What is the t-statistic?
This "old school" method of editing DNA uses a "nuclease" to cleave DNA at a specific site, where a plasmid then inserts itself.
What is TALENS? (transcription activator-like effector nucleases)
Within GFP's barrel-shaped 3D structure, this special three-amino-acid segment is the part that actually absorbs incoming light and re-emits it as green fluorescence.
What is the chromophore?
To isolate activation related to a specific cognitive process, fMRI researchers use this method, in which they present two conditions and represent the data as the difference between the control and experimental sessions.
What is the subtraction method?
The reason averaging many epochs produces a clean ERP is that this type of signal varies randomly from trial to trial and cancels out, while the consistent brain response that is time-locked to the stimulus is preserved.
What is noise (random noise)?
This test "punishes" multiple comparison to ensure the false positive rate does not increase as the number of comparison's does.
What is Tukey's HSD (Tukey post-hoc test)
A mouse model of this neurological phenotype involves deleting this gene, which organizes receptors at excitatory synapses. (two answers!)
What is autism?
What is SHANK3?
This imaging modality uses infrared light, which scatters less in tissue, allowing it to image 500-1000 micrometers deep in living brain tissue of behaving animals.
What is two-photon microscopy?
A researcher wants to study error processing but cannot predict which trials a participant will answer incorrectly. She needs this fMRI design, which presents individual trials in randomized order with variable timing so that trials can be sorted after the fact based on performance.
What is an event-based design?
If a researcher records EEG during a task that primarily activates a deep nucleus with randomly oriented neurons, the EEG would show this result, even if the nucleus is highly active.
What is little to no detectable signal at the scalp (because the closed-field configuration causes cancellation)?
Given a design with multiple independent variables, this type of analyzes the mean effect of each, collapsing across levels.
What is a main effect?
In this type of mouse, Cre is only expressed in dopamine neurons.
What is a DAT-cre mouse?
A brain region shows significantly more c-Fos-positive cells in the experimental group. You still cannot conclude causation, you cannot tell which active neurons went undetected, and you cannot determine this about the nature of the of the neural activity.
What is whether the activity was excitatory or inhibitory?
This analysis approach instead asks whether the distributed pattern of activity across many voxels can decode behavior, cognition, or experience.
What is multi-voxel pattern analysis? (MVPA)