Object & Locomotor
Chimps pulled these in a form of object play.
What are leaf piles?
How individuals differentiate between violent behavior and play fighting.
What are play markers/play signals?
What is brain (cerebellum synaptic) development?
A benefit of stone play in macaques.
What is the slowing of cognitive degradation?
Examples of costs of playing.
What is energy expense in cheetahs?
What is significant mortality in seals?
The definition of play.
What is all motor activity performed postnatally that appears to be purposeless, in which motor patterns from other contexts may often be used in modified forms and altered temporal sequencing.
The play marker gorillas use.
The changes observed in play fighting when testosterone was manipulated in rats.
What is castration decreased play fighting and testosterone injections increased it?
Play helps ravens determine this quality of objects.
What is edibility?
This describes most results of the play studies in the book.
What is correlative?
This main quality of the objects introduced to the ravens increased their play with these items.
What is novelty?
Three things play markers communicate.
What is a desire to start playing, to continue playing, and to let parents know that there is no real danger?
The observed relationship of phylogeny to play complexity in rodents.
What is no clear phylogenetic relationship?
What is an increase or decrease in complexity of play from a moderate ancestral state?
A social effect of play that continues into adulthood
How conservationists use play behavior.
To assess psychological well-being of individuals.
Two permanent effects correlated with locomotor play.
What are an increase in the creation of synapses in the cerebellum and modification of muscle fiber type differentiation?
Reasons individuals role reverse or self-handicap.
What is to practice being in a subordinate role? (What is lack of play partners in size/age group?)
Dopamine levels in rats in a two-chamber apparatus
What increased when expecting another rat to play with?
Individuals who were not allowed to play reacted this way to situations outside their control.
What is negatively, and with less kinematic improvisation and emotional flexibility?
How much animals enjoy playing.
What is hard to measure but likely high?
Five conditions that increase play rate.
What are low intergroup aggression, warm and sunny conditions, low stress levels, food abundance, and environmental instability?
Play hierarchy predictions of dominance hierarchy in yearling and adult yellow-bellied marmots.
What is accurate for yearlings but not for adults?
The results of the study using the tfm strain of rats.
Testosterone production and transformation (aromatization) into estrogen both increase play fighting.
This describes why Pigface's access to toys reduced self-mutilating.
Let's discuss! (Stress-induced behavior vs. play)
Design an experiment that can model ultimate or proximate mechanisms of play and/or its effects in any species you choose.
Let's discuss!