Ch. 18 確証バイアス
Think about all your important beliefs and ideas. They may (r ) to what you study, how you view yourself and others, your political viewpoints, and (r ) beliefs. Now ask yourself if you prefer to look ( ) evidence that supports and strengthens those ideas, or do you like to look ( ) evidence that might weaken or (d ) them?
Think about all your important beliefs and ideas. They may (relate) to what you study, how you view yourself and others, your political viewpoints, and (religious) beliefs. Now ask yourself if you prefer to look (for) evidence that supports and strengthens those ideas, or do you like to look (for) evidence that might weaken or (disprove) them?
However, in the not-too-distant future fully (a ) cars will most likely become a reality. When they do, they will make (e ) cars look as old-fashioned as steam engines* and landline telephones*. For a vision of this future, visit Heathrow airport outside London, and head to a “pod* parking” area. Transfers between the car park and terminal are provided by driverless electric pods moving on (d ) roadways above the street.
However, in the not-too-distant future fully (autonomous) cars will most likely become a reality. When they do, they will make (existing) cars look as old-fashioned as steam engines* and landline telephones*. For a vision of this future, visit Heathrow airport outside London, and head to a “pod* parking” area. Transfers between the car park and terminal are provided by driverless electric pods moving on (dedicated) roadways above the street.
「あなたは小さな工場の経営者です。現在、経済は景気後退の状況にあります。この景気後退が続いた場合、従業員の33%を解雇しなければならなくなるでしょう。この可能性について従業員全員に警告する手紙を書いてください。」[2017一橋大・後期]
You are the owner of a small factory. Currently, the economy is in a (r ). If the (r ) continues, you will have to ( ) ( ) 33% of your employees. Write a letter to all of your ( ) warning them of this possibility.
You are the owner of a small factory. Currently, the economy is in a (recession). If the (recession) continues, you will have to (lay) (off) 33% of your employees. Write a letter to all of your (employees) warning them of this possibility.
( ) the fact ( ) the actual rule was very simple, only six ( ) ( ) the twenty-nine students correctly figured it out on their first attempt. The reason ( ) this was that the students ( ) most of their time trying to positively test their first ideas. For example, some of the students started by guessing that the rule related to the use of (e ) numbers.
(Despite) the fact (that) the actual rule was very simple, only six (out) (of) the twenty-nine students correctly figured it out on their first attempt. The reason (for) this was that the students (spent) most of their time trying to positively test their first ideas. For example, some of the students started by guessing that the rule related to the use of (even) numbers.
Self-driving cars have enormous benefits. Today 94% of car accidents are (d ) to human error, and the three leading causes are (a ), speeding, and interruptions. Accidents kill around 1.2 million people a year worldwide. Driverless cars cannot drink (a ), break the speed limit, or get (i ) by a text message, so accidents should occur much ( ) often.
Self-driving cars have enormous benefits. Today 94% of car accidents are (due) to human error, and the three leading causes are (alcohol), speeding, and interruptions. Accidents kill around 1.2 million people a year worldwide. Driverless cars cannot drink (alcohol), break the speed limit, or get (interrupted) by a text message, so accidents should occur much (less) often.
「人々は自分の誤った仮定を認めることに消極的であり、むしろその仮定が正しいと証明されるまで、頑なにそれを守り続けます。 」[2017慶應義塾大・総合政策]
People are (r ) to admit their erroneous assumptions, and instead, persistently (a ) by them until their assumptions turn out to be true.
People are (reluctant) to admit their erroneous assumptions, and instead, persistently (abide) by them until their assumptions turn out to be true.
For example, we often prefer to continue to believe something because it is useful or emotionally important to us in some way.
Universities try to (a ) these tendencies by (e ) the importance of skills like (c ) thinking and debating.
For example, we often prefer to continue to believe something because it is useful or emotionally important to us in some way.
Universities try to (address) these tendencies by (emphasizing) the importance of skills like (critical) thinking and debating.
The resulting (p ) gains would be worth $1.3 trillion a year in America and $5.6 trillion worldwide. Children, ( ) elderly and ( ) disabled could gain more independence. ( ) cars in constant use, much less parking space would be needed. Parking ( ) ( ) as much as 24% of the area of American cities.
The resulting (productivity) gains would be worth $1.3 trillion a year in America and $5.6 trillion worldwide. Children, (the) elderly and (the) disabled could gain more independence. (With) cars in constant use, much less parking space would be needed. Parking (accounts) (for) as much as 24% of the area of American cities.
「もちろん、知性を鍛えることなく情報を伝えることは可能です。それは可能であるだけでなく、容易であり、しばしば行われています。しかし、情報を伝えることなしに、あるいはいずれにせよ知識を習得させることなしに知性を鍛えることは不可能だと私は考えています。」[2020京都教育大・前期]
It is, of course, possible to (i ) information in ways that do not train intelligence; it is not only possible, but easy, and frequently done. But I do not believe that it is possible to train intelligence without (i ) information, or ( ) any ( ) causing knowledge to be acquired.
It is, of course, possible to (impart) information in ways that do not train intelligence; it is not only possible, but easy, and frequently done. But I do not believe that it is possible to train intelligence without (impart) information, or (at) any (rate) causing knowledge to be acquired.
Don’t just talk to them, but train yourself to see the conversation (t ) their eyes. You might feel that they are (o ) wrong, but it is important to understand why they feel the same way (t ) your ideas. In addition, try to view changing your ideas ( ) exciting and challenging.
Don’t just talk to them, but train yourself to see the conversation (through) their eyes. You might feel that they are (obviously) wrong, but it is important to understand why they feel the same way (toward) your ideas. In addition, try to view changing your ideas (as) exciting and challenging.
But in a future without drivers, people will come to (w ) ( ) they (t ) such a high rate of road deaths, and why they spent so much money on machines that mostly sat unused. A world of self-driving vehicles may sound (o ), but coming generations will probably consider the era of car ownership to ( ) ( ) much stranger.
But in a future without drivers, people will come to (wonder) (why) they (tolerated) such a high rate of road deaths, and why they spent so much money on machines that mostly sat unused. A world of self-driving vehicles may sound (odd), but coming generations will probably consider the era of car ownership to (have) (been) much stranger.
「おはようございます、皆さん。今日は、学生ディベートの第一回目を行います。本日取り上げるテーマは「国内航空旅行は抑制されるべきである」です。最初に、この提案に賛成の立場で意見を述べるのはケイコさんです。その後、反対の立場で話していただくのはジュンコさんです。それでは、ケイコさん、お願いします。」[2015東北大・前期]
Good morning, everybody. Today we have the first of our student debates. The topic this morning is air travel, and the argument is, "(D ) air travel in Japan should be (d )." Keiko will first argue ( ) (f ) ( ) the proposal and Junko will speak against. Over to you, Keiko.
Good morning, everybody. Today we have the first of our student debates. The topic this morning is air travel, and the argument is, "(Domestic) air travel in Japan should be (discouraged)." Keiko will first argue (in) (favour) (of) the proposal and Junko will speak against. Over to you, Keiko.
伊之助🐗の名言「信じると言われたなら、それに応えること以外考えんじゃねぇ！」を訳して。
He said he belived in us... So don't worry about anything other than ( ) ( ) to that!
He said he belived in us... So don't worry about anything other than (living) (up) to that!