Prototype
Which of these is NOT a typical prototype for the category "fruit"? 🍏🍌🥒🍊
cucumber? (It’s technically a fruit but is commonly categorized as a vegetable.)
What is a "frame" in cognitive linguistics?
A structured mental representation that helps people interpret situations based on prior knowledge.
Why can metaphors be difficult to translate?
Because different languages and cultures use different conceptual mappings.
Embodied cognition suggests that our thinking is influenced by what?
bodily experience
Who developed Prototype Theory, and in which decade?
Eleanor Rosch in the 1970s
Which of these is the odd one out and why? Car, Bicycle, Bus, Train
bicycle (It is not motorized, unlike the others.)
In a hospital frame, which role would be unexpected?
Chef
In sports, people say "He’s on fire!" What does this metaphor mean?
That someone is performing exceptionally well.
When we say "grasping an idea," how does it relate to the body?
Thinking is metaphorically linked to physical holding.
Who developed the Conceptual Metaphor Theory?
George Lakoff and Mark Johnson
Name a prototype of the category "furniture."
Chair
Why might a "wedding frame" differ across cultures?
Because traditions, rituals, and expectations vary worldwide.
According to Lakoff and Johnson, metaphors help us understand abstract concepts through what?
physical experience
How does temperature relate to emotion in embodied cognition?
Warmth is associated with friendliness, and coldness with emotional distance.
Who is Marvin Minsky?
This scientist introduced/developed Frame Theory in cognitive science.
Why is a penguin considered a bird even though it doesn’t fly?
Because of the characteristics
How do frames differ across cultures? Give an example.
In some cultures, tipping is expected at restaurants (e.g., the USA), while in others, it is not (e.g., Japan).
Some cultures use "hot" to describe attractiveness, while others use "spicy." What does this show about metaphor?
That metaphors are influenced by cultural perception.
Why do people lean forward when talking about the future and backward when recalling the past?
Because time is conceptualized as movement.
This cognitive scientist is famous for Prototype Theory, which explains how we categorize objects based on typical examples rather than strict definitions.
Eleanor Rosch
Different cultures may have different prototypes for the same category. What is a typical prototype of "breakfast" in the USA vs. Japan?
In the USA, it’s pancakes or cereal; in Japan, it’s miso soup and rice.
When entering a fast-food restaurant, you expect to order at the counter. What happens when that frame is broken?
Confusion or delay because the expected structure is missing.
What is the difference between a linguistic metaphor and a conceptual metaphor?
A linguistic metaphor is a specific phrase, while a conceptual metaphor is a broader cognitive structure.
"He’s falling behind in class" - What does it mean?
regress = backward movement
Which scientist proposed the idea of embodied cognition?
Mark Johnson