Circulation
What is the main function of a circulatory system?
To transport materials such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, and wastes throughout the body.
What is the primary function of a respiratory system?
To exchange gases, primarily bringing oxygen into the body and removing carbon dioxide.
What is the difference between intracellular and extracellular digestion?
Intracellular digestion occurs inside individual cells. Extracellular digestion occurs outside cells, usually within a digestive cavity or tract.
What is cephalization?
The concentration of sensory organs and nervous system structures toward the anterior end of an animal.
What is the name of our galaxy?
The Milky Way
In which type of circulatory system does blood remain inside a system of vessels?
Closed system
Match each organism with its primary respiratory structure:
Structures: lungs, gills, tracheal system, skin
What organ receives food directly from the esophagus?
the stomach
light, sound, temperature, touch
What sport has a scrum?
Rugby
In _________ circulation, blood passes through the heart twice—once through the pulmonary circuit and once through the systemic circuit.
double
Blood arriving at the lungs has a _________ (lower/higher) partial pressure of oxygen than the air in the alveoli.
lower, oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood because it moves from an area of higher partial pressure to lower partial pressure.
What organ is primarily responsible for absorbing nutrients from digested food?
The small intestine
Many invertebrates do not have a centralized brain like humans do. What structures often serve as centers for processing and coordinating nervous system information?
Ganglia
How many yards is the penalty for a personal foul in football?
15
What type of circulatory system does a human have?
closed, double
The location of gas exchange (either interstitial fluid between cells or water for aquatic organisms) should be moist. Also, a large surface area is important for gas exchange? Why?
Gasses only move through a cell membrane when dissolved in solution.
A larger surface area provides more space for oxygen and carbon dioxide to diffuse across the respiratory surface.
____________, such as cows, have a specialized multi-compartment stomach and regurgitate food as cud for additional chewing and microbial digestion. ____________, such as some camelids, have a different multi-compartment stomach arrangement and also rely heavily on microbial fermentation, but they do not have the same four-compartment stomach as true ruminants.
ruminants, pseudo-ruminants
Describe how the structure of an animal's sensory system can be considered an adaptation? Give a specific example.
Sensory structures are adapted to detect information that is important in an animal's environment.
Example: an animal that hunts at night may have highly sensitive eyes for detecting low levels of light,
(Natural selection can favor inherited sensory traits that improve an animal's ability to survive and reproduce in its environment.)
In ice hockey, the trophy awarded to the NHL playoff champion is called what?
the Stanley cup
Question: Put these structures in the correct order for blood traveling from the body to the lungs and then back to the body:
lungs, right ventricle, right atrium, left atrium, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, left ventricle
Body → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary arteries → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → left ventricle → body
Fish gills use a countercurrent exchange system. Explain why this arrangement allows fish to remove large amounts of oxygen from water.
Water and blood flow in opposite directions across the gill surface. This maintains a diffusion gradient along the entire length of the gill, allowing oxygen to continue moving from the water into the blood rather than reaching equilibrium quickly.
An animal has only intracellular digestion. What limitation would this place on the animal compared with an animal that has extracellular digestion?
Extracellular digestion allows larger food particles to be broken down outside cells before nutrients are absorbed.
What are the benefits of bilateral symmetry in animals?
They tend to move primarily in one direction (directed movement).
Having sensory organs and nervous system structures concentrated at the front allows the animal to detect and respond to environmental information before the rest of its body encounters it.
What animal can survive for a period of time without its head because its nervous system is distributed throughout its body?
A cockroach.