Circulatory Anatomy
Name the chamber of the heart that receives deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cava.
What is right atrium?
Define systole and diastole in terms of heart muscle action.
What is systole = heart muscle contraction (pushing blood out of the heart); Diastole = relaxation/filling (heart fills with blood)
List the three main types of blood cells and one primary function of each.
what is RBCs: carry O2/CO2; WBCs: immune defense; Platelets: clotting.
Define hypertension and give the clinical threshold used in the document.
what is hypertension defined in document as systolic greater than 130 mm Hg and/or diastolic greater than 80 mm Hg?
List three main functions of the respiratory system stated in the document.
what is bring O2 into body for blood delivery; remove CO2 (metabolic waste); produce air flow through larynx for speech?
Identify the three layers of the heart wall and give one key feature of each.
What is endocardium (inner lining/surface of valves), Myocardium (thick muscular layer for contraction), Epicardium (outer layer containing blood vessels); pericardium is the sac around the heart?
What is the cardiac cycle?
What is the cardiac cycle is one complete heartbeat — it includes the contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle.
During each cycle, blood is pumped through the heart and then refilled for the next beat?
What protein in red blood cells binds oxygen and gives blood its red color?
what is hemoglobin?
Explain what a myocardial infarction (MI) is and list two common signs or symptoms.
what is MI: blockage of coronary blood flow causing ischemia/necrosis; signs: chest pain/angina, SOB, radiating arm/jaw pain, nausea?
Differentiate between external and internal respiration, and name where each occurs.
what is external respiration = gas exchange between alveoli and blood (lungs); Internal respiration = gas exchange between blood and tissue cells?
On a labeled diagram, indicate the location of the tricuspid and mitral (bicuspid) valves and state which valves are located between atria and ventricles
What is tricuspid valve between right atrium and right ventricle; mitral (bicuspid) valve between left atrium and left ventricle?
Explain how the aortic valve and pulmonary valve prevent backflow; name when each opens relative to systole/diastole.
what is semilunar valves (aortic, pulmonary) close during diastole to prevent backflow into ventricles; they open during ventricular systole when ventricular pressure exceeds arterial pressure.
Differentiate arteries, veins, and capillaries in structure and primary function.
what is
arteries: thick muscular walls, high pressure, carry blood away;
Veins: thinner walls, larger lumen, valves, return blood to heart;
Capillaries: one-cell-layer walls for exchange.
Define deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and describe one serious complication that can result if untreated.
what is DVT: clot in deep veins (legs); can embolize to lungs → pulmonary embolism (life-threatening)?
Describe the roles of surfactant and alveoli in gas exchange, and explain why surfactant is vital to preventing atelectasis.
what is alveoli provide large surface area; surfactant reduces surface tension to prevent alveolar collapse and maintain compliance?
Using the presentation’s 14-step order of blood flow through the heart, identify the structure at step 9 and state its immediate role in circulation.
What is
Step 9 is the left atrium.
Immediate role: receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins and passes it to the left ventricle (via the mitral/bicuspid valve) for distribution to the body.
Interpret a blood pressure reading of 140/90: which number is systolic, which is diastolic, and what does each represent physiologically?
What is 140 represents the systolic number; peak arterial pressure during ventricular contraction and 90 represents the diastolic number; the lowest arterial pressure during ventricular relaxation?
Where on the body can you feel an arterial blood flow as a pulse?
What is you can feel an arterial pulse in the wrist (radial artery), inner aspect of the elbow (brachial), or the neck (carotid artery)?
Compare arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis: what distinguishes these two conditions and how does each affect blood flow?
what is arteriosclerosis: general thickening/hardening of arterial walls with age; atherosclerosis: specific plaque buildup in arterial intima causing narrowing/occlusion.
Explain the mechanics of inspiration: which muscles contract, what happens to thoracic volume, and how that drives airflow into lungs.
what is inspiration: diaphragm and external intercostals contract → thoracic cavity volume increases → intrapulmonary pressure drops below atmospheric → air flows in?
Describe the pericardium, its two main layers, and explain how pleural/pericardial fluids reduce friction during cardiac motion.
What is the pericardium holds the heart in place and protects it; pericardial fluid reduces friction.
Give the order of blood flow through the heart in 6 major steps (body → body), condensing the 14-step sequence into key stations.
What is body → vena cavae → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary arteries → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta → body.
Explain one reason why capillaries are well suited for exchange between blood and tissues (mention a structural feature) and give one example of what is exchanged there.
What is
Capillaries have very thin walls (one cell layer of endothelium), which allows easy diffusion across the vessel wall.
Example of exchange: Oxygen and nutrients move from blood into tissues; carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes move from tissues into the blood.
Choose one of the following: congestive heart failure (CHF), aneurysm, or embolus. For your choice, describe pathophysiology, common causes, and standard emergency interventions.
what is example (CHF): heart cannot pump sufficiently → fluid buildup, pulmonary edema; causes include chronic HTN, MI; emergency interventions: oxygen, diuretics, inotropes as indicated?
For COPD (including emphysema and chronic bronchitis), describe major pathophysiologic changes, typical baseline oxygen saturation range noted in the document, and one long-term management strategy.
what is COPD: destruction of alveolar walls (emphysema) and chronic bronchial inflammation (chronic bronchitis) causing airflow limitation; baseline O2 sat often ; management includes smoking cessation, bronchodilators, pulmonary rehab, O2 therapy when indicated?