Circulatory Anatomy
Name the chamber of the heart that receives deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cava.
What is right atrium?
Define systole and diastole in terms of heart muscle action.
What is systole = heart muscle contraction (pushing blood out of the heart); Diastole = relaxation/filling (heart fills with blood)
List the three main types of blood cells and one primary function of each.
what is RBCs: carry O2/CO2; WBCs: immune defense; Platelets: clotting.
Define hypertension (should include clinical threshold) (mmHg)
what is hypertension defined (high blood pressure) as systolic greater than 130 mm Hg and/or diastolic greater than 80 mm Hg?
List three main functions of the respiratory system stated in the document.
what is
bring O2 into body for blood delivery;
remove CO2 (metabolic waste);
produce air flow through larynx for speech?
Identify the three layers of the heart wall and give one key feature of each.
What is endocardium (inner lining/surface of valves), Myocardium (thick muscular layer for contraction), Epicardium (outer layer containing blood vessels);
Bonus: pericardium is the sac around the heart?
What is the cardiac cycle? and what is the measurement heart rate?
What is the
cardiac cycle is one complete heartbeat — it includes the contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of the heart muscle.
BPM - beats per minute
What protein in red blood cells binds oxygen and gives blood its red color?
what is hemoglobin?
What signs & symptoms of a heart attack are more likely to be seen in women?
what is fatigue, indigestion, and fainting?
Differentiate between external and internal respiration, and name where each occurs.
what is
external respiration = exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the bloodstream;
Internal respiration = gas exchange between bloodstream and tissue cells?
On a labeled diagram, indicate the location of the tricuspid and mitral (bicuspid) valves and state which valves are located between atria and ventricles
What is tricuspid valve (12) between right atrium and right ventricle; mitral (bicuspid) valve (7) between left atrium and left ventricle?
What structures prevent backflow of blood within the heart?
Differentiate arteries, veins, and capillaries in structure and primary function.
what is
arteries: thick muscular walls, high pressure, carry blood away;
Veins: thinner walls, larger lumen, valves, return blood to heart;
Capillaries: one-cell-layer walls for exchange.
What is PVD/PAD an abbreviation for? And what is the meaning of the condition?
what is peripheral vascular disease/peripheral artery disease?
It is when blood vessels outside of the heart and brain narrow, spasm, or become blocked.
What is the lipid (fatty substance) that helps prevent the lungs from collapsing?
what is surfactant?
What is
To propel blood for the transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and immune substances in the body
Interpret a blood pressure reading of 140/90: which number is systolic, which is diastolic, and what does each represent physiologically?
What is 140 represents the systolic number; peak arterial pressure during ventricular contraction and 90 represents the diastolic number; the lowest arterial pressure during ventricular relaxation?
Where on the body can you feel an arterial blood flow as a pulse (four common pulse sites)?
What is you can feel an arterial pulse in the wrist (radial artery), apical (chest), inner aspect of the elbow (brachial), or the neck (carotid artery)?
Compare arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis: what distinguishes these two conditions.
what is
arteriosclerosis: the thickening and hardening of the arterial walls, which can reduce elasticity and blood flow.
atherosclerosis: occurs when plaque builds up inside the walls of the arteries — this plaque is made of fat, cholesterol, and other substances
True or False: The medulla oblongata is the section of the brain that controls breathing?
what is true?
What is the function of the pericardium?
What is the pericardium holds the heart in place and protects it; pericardial fluid reduces friction.
Give the order of blood flow through the heart in 6 major steps (body → body), condensing the 14-step sequence into key stations.
What is body → sup/inf vena cavae → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary arteries → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta → body.
Give one example of what is exchanged in the capillaries
What is Oxygen and nutrients move from blood into tissues; carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes move from tissues into the blood?
What is congestive heart failure (CHF)?
What is it occurs when the heart can't pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. This causes fluid to build up in the body's organs and tissues causing congestion in the tissues.
What is the typical baseline oxygen saturation range for COPD patients and one long-term management strategy.
what is baseline O2 sat often ; management includes smoking cessation, bronchodilators, pulmonary rehab, O2 therapy when indicated?