Mixed Definitions
Punishment/Rx
Measurement
Mixed Topics
Mixed Topics
100
Explain extinction.
Give an example.
The discontinuing of a reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior
When a client hit their sibling in clinic, their sibling would give them the toy they had. Moving forward, when the client hits their sibling, they will not be given the toy.
100
Explain punishment.
Give an example.
When a response is followed immediately by a stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of similar responses in the future.
The client ran in socks, slipped and fell. In the future, he refrains from running in socks.
100
Explain duration (in relation to measurement).
a measure of the total extent of time in which a behavior occurs.
100
Explain prompting.
"supplementary antecedent stimuli used to occasion a correct response in the presence of an SD that will eventually control the behavior"
i.e. providing support to help the client learn the correct response when given a specific SD
100
Name the four functions.
200
Explain extinction burst.
an increase in the frequency of responding when an extinction procedure is initially implemented
200
Explain positive punishment.
Give an example.
A Bx is immediately followed by the presentation of a stimulus that decreases the future frequency of the Bx
You leave water running and the sink overflows. In the future you will not leave a room with the water still on.
200
Explain latency.
The elapsed time from the onset of a stimulus (such as an instruction) to the initiation of a response.
200
Explain what inadvertent prompting is.
Provide an example.
An inadvertent prompt is when you accidentally provide a prompt when you did not intend to.
When asking the client to point to objects in a field of 3, you realize you always have the correct response in the middle.
200
What is continuous reinforcement?
A schedule of reinforcement where Rx is provided for each occurrence of the target Behavior
300
Explain chaining.
Procedure for teaching skills requiring behavior chains (i.e. task analyses); teaches by linking specific sequences of stimuli and responses
300
Explain negative punishment.
Give an example.
A response/behavior is followed immediately by the removal of a stimulus that decreases future frequency of similar responses
A client is watching videos on their tablet. They throw the tablet. The parent takes the tablet back for the day. In the future, the Bx of throwing the tablet decreases.
300
Explain whole interval recording.
A time sampling method for measuring behavior in which the observer will record whether the target Bx occurred throughout the entire interval.
300
Explain token economy.
Provide an example.
a system whereby participants earn generalized conditioned reinforcers (tokens, points, etc.) as an immediate consequence for specific behaviors; participants accumulate these tokens and exchange them for items and activities from a menu of backup reinforcers.
A client wants to play with an item from the catalog. After completing their 10-piece token board during work time, they gain access to the toy.
300
Explain what DRI stands for and what it is.
Give an example.
Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible, procedure for decreasing "problem" Bx in which Rx is delivered for Bx that is topographically incompatible with the behavior targeted for reduction
Ex: keeping feet flat on floor is incompatible with kicking a desk
300
Explain behavioral momentum.
Provide an example.
an antecedent intervention in which 2-5 easy tasks with a known history of learner compliance (high – probability requests) are presented in quick succession immediately before requesting the target task (low -p request) Instruct the client to give a high five, to throw something away, and then instruct to clean up
300
Explain negative reinforcement.
Give an example.
When a Bx leads to a stimulus being removed, and that Bx increases in the future as a result
A client put on headphones to block loud sounds. In the future they put on headphones more often.
300
Explain partial interval recording.
A time sampling method for measuring behavior in which the observer will record whether the target Bx occurred at any time in the interval.
300
Explain generalization.
Give an example.
Explain why it is important.
A behavior change that has not been taught directly.
In the clinic the client is taught to tie their shoes. Parent reports they are tying their shoes at home too.
The client should be able to apply the skills we teach to all their settings since we cannot teach every possible combination of environments/stimuli the client will encounter.
300
Explain what DRO stands for and what it is.
Give an example.
Differential Reinforcement of Other Bx
a procedure for decreasing "problem" Bx in which Rx is contingent on the absence of the problem Bx during or at specific times
"Scratching" is targeted for reduction. In a specific time period, a client may engage in other behaviors but if they do not scratch in that time, Rx is given.
400
Explain forward chaining, backward chaining, and total-task chaining.
Explain how each would be used to teach "washing hands."
- Forward chaining – a method for teaching behavior chains that begins with the learner being prompted and taught to perform the first Bx in the task analysis and the rest of the steps are prompted. When ready, learner completes step 1, moves on to learning step 2, and the rest are prompted.
- Total task chaining – A variation of forward chaining in which each step/Bx in the chain is taught during each session
- Backward chaining – a teaching procedure in which all the steps in a chain are prompted EXCEPT the last one, which is performed by the learner. When ready, all but the last 2 are prompted, etc.
400
Explain conditioned and unconditioned reinforcement.
Give an example for each.
Unconditioned reinforcement is Rx that does not have to be taught/conditioned e.g. food
Conditioned Rx is a stimulus change that has become reinforcing because of prior pairing with one or more other reinforcers e.g. money, tokens
400
Explain momentary time sampling.
Provide an example.
A measurement method in which the presence or absence of behaviors are recorded at precisely specified intervals
When 5 minutes pass, you record if a behavior occurred in that moment (or not). When 5 more minutes pass, you record if a Bx occurred in that moment (or not).
400
Explain what incidental teaching is.
Give an example.
Explain why it is beneficial.
Incidental teaching is a form of Natural Environment Teaching (NET) where the teaching interaction is initiated by the learner and their interests.
Your client walks over to the play doh and picks up a can. They are trying to open but they can’t. You use the opportunity to work their functional communication program.
It promotes generalization and maintenance. Itis also likelier to maintain client interest.
400
Explain what DRA stands for and what it is.
Give an example.
Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Bx
a procedure for decreasing "problem" behavior in which Rx is delivered for Bx that serves as a desirable/appropriate alternative to the Bx targeted for reduction
A client who typically takes toys from peers is reinforced when he asks for them instead.