Vocabulary
A bond joining two nucleotides together; two ester bonds one from the shared phosphate group to each of the sugars either side of it
What is a phophodiester bond?
Three ways that the structure of DNA differs from RNA
What is two polynucleotides vs single polynucleotide; double helix v not a helix; DNA is longer v RNA is shorter; DNA is one type v RNA is mRNA, tRNA and rRNA; Ratio A+G to C+T =1 v A+G to C+U varies?
DNA replication occur during this phase.
What is Interphase, S- phase or Synthesis?
State the differences between the ring structure of alpha glucose and the structure of deoxyribose
What is 6 carbons v 5 carbons; 6 oxygens v 4; 12 hydrogens v 10; H and OH other way round on carbon 1; H and OH other way around on carbon 3
Three of the most common types of gene mutations
What is
Substitution - a base is replaced by a different base
Deletion - a base is lost and not replaced
Insertion - a base is added?
Bond formed when two amino acids join by condensation - the removal of water.
What is a Peptide bond?
The nitrogen bases in DNA bonded by 3 hydrogen bonds
What is Cytosine and Guanine?
The nitrogen bases that are made of single rings
What are pyrimidines - Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil?
Outline how monoclonal antibodies are produced
What is antigen introduced into a mouse, B cells (plasma cells) isolated from spleen. Plasma cells fused with cancer (myeloma) cells. Hybridomas formed and cloned. Test hybridoma that produced desired antibody. Large scale production grow in fermenter?
The method of copying a DNA molecule to form two identical molecules, each contain an original and new synthesize strand
What is semiconservative replication?
Type of bond that joins two sugars by condensation
What is a glycosidic bond?
For mRNA codons GCG, ACA
Give the complementary tRNA anticodons
What is CGC and UGU?
Describe gene mutations
What is a change in the nucleotide base, a deletion, insertion, or addition of base or frameshift?
Name one of the four species of Plasmodium that infect humans
What is Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium vivax?
A sequence of nucleotides in a molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA) is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
What is translation?
Monomers of nucleic acids
What are nucleotides?
Why does cholera remain a significant infectious disease in some parts of the world?
What is poor sanitation, contamination of drinking water, poverty, natural disasters, no rehydration therapy, no effective vaccine; bacteria lives in the intestine where the immune system is not as effective?
State the type of immunity gained from a person that who has been vaccinated
What is artificial active?
1.Antibody and hemoglobin molecules show this type of feature
2.Antibodies have 2 heavy and 2 light chains; Hemoglobin have _________ and __________?
3.Type of bonding holding antibody polypeptide chains together
What is globular?
What is 2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains?
What is disulfide bonds?
Sequence of 3 bases on an mRNA molecule that codes for a specific amino acid or for a stop signal.
What is a codon?
Hydrogen bonding of A with T or U and of C with G in nucleic acids
What is complementary base pairing?
Explain how the structure of an antibody, such as the antitoxin for choleragen, makes it specific to one substance
What is the variable region-binding region to antigen, shape is specific (complementary) to choleragen?
Vaccinations do not control sickle cell anemia
What is sickle cell anemia is a non infectious disease, because it is non transmittable, not caused by pathogen; it is genetically or inherited?
Give the codon for each blank:
DNA strand transcribed : TGT GGC ACA
mRNA strand produced: X X _____
tRNA anticodon sequence: ___ GGC X
Amino acid sequence: THR PRO ____
What is UGU, UGU and CYS?
A random and unpredictable change in the structure or number of chromosomes in a cell
What is chromosome mutation?