Define
Define urbanisation.
Urbanisation is the process where an increasing proportion of a country’s population lives in cities and towns rather than rural areas.
Outline the primary sector of the economy.
The primary sector involves extracting natural resources directly from the Earth, such as farming, fishing, mining, and forestry.
Explain suburbanisation.
Suburbanisation occurs when people move from the inner city to the outer areas (suburbs). This usually happens because suburbs offer more space, quieter environments, and sometimes cheaper housing.
Describe population growth in cities.
Population growth in cities means more people are moving into urban areas, increasing the size and density of the population.
Give an example of a push factor that makes people leave rural areas.
Lack of jobs in rural areas is a common push factor.
Define push factors.
Push factors are negative conditions that force or encourage people to leave a place, such as unemployment, poor living conditions, or natural disasters.
Outline the secondary sector of the economy.
The secondary sector processes raw materials from the primary sector into finished or semi-finished products, such as factories producing cars, clothing, or electronics.
Explain urban renewal.
Urban renewal is the process of improving and redeveloping older or run-down parts of a city by rebuilding housing, improving infrastructure, and attracting new businesses.
Describe one challenge caused by rapid population growth in cities.
One challenge is housing shortages, where there are not enough homes for everyone, which can lead to overcrowding or informal settlements.
Give an example of a pull factor that attracts people to cities.
Better job opportunities in factories, offices, or service industries.
Define pull factors.
Pull factors are positive conditions that attract people to move to a place, such as better jobs, education, healthcare, and higher living standards.
Outline the tertiary sector of the economy.
The tertiary sector provides services rather than physical goods, including jobs like teachers, doctors, retail workers, transport workers, and tourism employees.
Explain decentralisation.
Decentralisation occurs when businesses, industries, or services move away from the city centre to outer areas or smaller towns to reduce congestion and costs.
Describe one challenge caused by population decline in a city.
Population decline can lead to fewer workers and customers, which may cause businesses to close and reduce economic activity.
Give an example of a job in the secondary sector.
Factory worker, car manufacturer, clothing producer, or electronics assembler.
Define rural–urban migration.
Rural–urban migration is the movement of people from the countryside to cities in search of better opportunities, jobs, or living conditions.
Outline the quaternary sector of the economy.
The quaternary sector focuses on knowledge, research, and technology, including jobs in IT, scientific research, data analysis, and advanced education.
Explain why suburbanisation often happens as cities grow.
As cities grow, housing and land in the city centre become expensive and crowded. Many people move to suburbs where housing is larger, land is cheaper, and transport allows them to still commute into the city.
Describe two problems that can occur when a city’s population grows too quickly.
Cities may experience traffic congestion, housing shortages, pollution, strain on water and electricity supplies, and overcrowded schools and hospitals.
Give an example of a pull factor related to education or services.
Access to universities, hospitals, advanced schools, or specialised medical care.
Define urban sprawl.
Urban sprawl is the uncontrolled expansion of a city into surrounding rural land, usually creating low-density housing and large suburban areas.
Outline how the four economic sectors are connected.
The primary sector provides raw materials, the secondary sector turns them into products, the tertiary sector sells and distributes the goods or services, and the quaternary sector develops knowledge, research, and technology that improves all the other sectors.
Explain how urban renewal can change a neighbourhood, including both positive and negative effects.
Urban renewal can improve housing, create jobs, and make areas safer and more attractive. However, it can also increase property prices and force long-term residents to move out because they can no longer afford to live there.
Describe the differences between challenges in cities with growing populations and cities with shrinking populations.
Cities with growing populations often struggle with overcrowding, housing shortages, and pressure on infrastructure. Cities with shrinking populations often face abandoned buildings, reduced tax income, fewer jobs, and declining services.
Give a real-world example of a city experiencing rapid urbanisation and explain why it is growing.
Cities like Mumbai have experienced rapid urbanisation because people move there for jobs in industry, services, and technology, as well as access to education and healthcare.