Endocrine System
Animal Reproduction
Animal Development
Excretory System
Miscellan-eous
100
How do hormones from the hypothalamus reach the anterior pituitary gland? What about the posterior pituitary gland?
Hypothalamus hormones reach anterior pituitary gland through HYPOPHYSEAL PORTAL SYSTEM. Examples of hormones that travel through the portal vein?
Hypothalamus hormones reach posterior pituitary gland through NEUROSECRETORY CELLS (stored in vesicles until release).
100
Name a pro and con of asexual reproduction.
Pros: can retain favorable combinations of genes, relatively rapid (don't need to find another individuals to reproduce with, and therefore energy-efficient)
Cons: little genetic diversity, little adaptations, diseases can greatly affect population
100
What does the sperm contribute to the zygote?
A nucleus and a centriole
100
Within this structure of the nephron, blood is exposed to high pressure and filtered.
Glomerulus
100
Slow block to polyspermy depends on what ion?
CALCIUM
Slow block:
- Exocytosis of Ca2+ from egg's sarcoplasmic reticulum --> triggers release of cortical granules
- Cortical granules - (1) release enzymes the dissolve bonds b/w vitelline envelope and cell membrane and (2) absorbs water via osmosis to cause swelling b/w vitelline and egg membrane --> vitelline envelope moves outwards and hardens into the fertilization envelope
Fast:
- Rapid depolarization across membrane
- Ovum’s membrane becomes positive → blocks any more positively-charged sperm from entering (like repels like)
200
What hormone is important in determining developmental stages in insects?
Juvenile hormone (JH) - what happens to levels of this hormone with each molt?
200
What can be exchanged through placental membranes?
A) Nutrients
B) CO2
C) Blood
D) O2
E) A and C only
F) A and D only
G) A, B, and D
H) All of the above
G) A, B, and D - nutrients and gasses can be exchanged through the placenta. Mother and fetal blood does not mix!
200
During an experiment, one cell of a 4-cell embryo is destroyed. The remaining cells still produce a complete organism. This embryo exhibits:
A) Regulative development
B) Mosaic development
C) Incomplete cleavage
D) Determinate cleavage
A) Regulative development
200
1. When looking at the evolution of fish, what happened to body fluid osmolarity when they colonized freshwater?
2. How did the body fluid osmolarity of ocean bony fish come to be hypoosmotic to seawater?
1. Body fluid osmolarity decreased - why/how?
2. Some freshwater fish moved back into the ocean, forcing them to adapt to their newly saltier environment.
Evolution:
Ocean invertebrates (match the sewater's osmolarity)
--> freshwater fish (are hyperosmotic to freshwater and develop lower body fluid osmolarity)
--> ocean bony fish (bc of the lowered body fluid osmolarity before, these fish are now less salty than seawater, forcing them to become hypoosmotic regulators)
200
T/F: A iteroparous animal can reproduce more than once in its lifetime.
TRUE
What about animals that only reproduce once and then usually die after?
300
Which cells of the thyroid gland are responsible for releasing/secreting TH?
Follicular cells
What condition is characterized by undersecretion of TH? How is fixed/prevented?
300
What somatic cell responds to FSH and contributes to sperm formation by releasing androgen binding protein?
Sertoli/nurse cells
ABP binds with what hormone to stimulate spermatogenesis?
300
In animals with moderate yolk, cells in the animal hemisphere have [MORE/LESS] cells that [LARGER/SMALLER] in size compared to those in the vegetal hemisphere.
More; Smaller
YOLK IMPEDES CELL DIVISION/CLEAVAGE
Regions with yolk (vegetable hemisphere)--> slower division, fewer, larger cells
Regions without yolk (animal hemisphere) → faster division, more, smaller cells
Do very yolk eggs undergo complete or incomplete cleavage then?
300
Osmotic [REGULATORS/CONFORMERS] maintain an internal osmotic pressure through active transport. Because of this, they [CAN/CAN'T] tolerate a range of salinities.
regulators; can
300
Whiptail lizards will behave as females when the levels of what hormone is high?
Estrogen; What about when the lizards behave as males?
Progesterone (Memory trick: pro sounds like bro)
Follow up: What form of asexual reproduction do these lizards use, where offspring develop from an unfertilized egg?
Parthenogenesis
400
Which hormone does not target an endocrine gland?
a) FSH
b) ACTH
c) LH
d) TSH
e) GH
e) GH
What kind of hormones are all of the other hormones?
400
What is the primary hormone that triggers the ovaries to release an egg?
Luteinizing hormone (LH) - triggers ovulation
400
This is a vertebrate limb morphogen from the Zone of Polarizing Activity.
Sonic Hedgehog
High Shh levels --> Pinky forms (Low Shh --> Thumb forms)
400
What collects the filtrate created by the glomerulus?
What part does most of the reabsorption?
Bowman's capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule
400
T/F: Exocrine glands secrete products into the bloodstream.
FALSE, exocrine glands secrete products through ducts, while endocrine glands secrete products into the bloodstream.
500
Scientists have discovered a new hormone that travels to target cells, enter the cells from diffusion through the membrane, and stimulate the production of protein products. What is likely the class of this hormone?
Steroid - explain?
The only class that is hydrophobic
→ can therefore diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer of a cell membrane (doesn’t need second messenger)
→ can bind to INTRAcellular receptors on nucleus
→ gene activation, but hormone response is lagged due to transcription and translation
500
Embryonic diapause is a process that can decouple embryonic development and __________.
Fertilization - why would adjusting when the egg is fertilized be beneficial?
500
Describe neurulation and the fates of each of the 3 germ layers.
500
Describe the difference(s) between the two types of nephrons.
1) Cortical - short loops; don’t go far into medulla → not a lot of water leaving ducts → less water reabsorption/conservation --> low urine concentration (more diluted urine)
2) Juxtamedullary - longer loops; run deeper into medulla --> surrounded by more extracellular solutes --> more water leaving the ducts --> more water reabsorption/conservation --> high urine concentration (less diluted urine)
500
T/F: Steroid hormones are hydrophobic so they cannot readily travel through the blood stream on their own.
TRUE, steroid hormones (and TH) are hydrophobic and can travel through the blood but they need help from carrier transport proteins.
What does the transport protein do to the hormone's half-life?
By definition, anything called a "hormone" must travel through the blood stream.