Protestant Reformation
The German friar who started the Protestant Reformation in 1517.
Martin Luther
What were the “Ninety-Five Theses”?
A document criticizing indulgences and Church corruption.
What was the Catholic response to Protestantism called?
Counter-Reformation
Which king made Madrid the capital of Spain in 1561?
Felipe II
This animal product was one of Spain’s most important exports.
Wool
What were indulgences?
The pardon of sins in exchange for money given to the Church.
According to Luther, salvation could be achieved mainly through this.
Faith
The important Catholic meeting held between 1545 and 1563.
Council of Trent
Which emperor fought against Protestant princes in the Holy Roman Empire?
Carlos V
Name two important economic activities in 16th century Spain.
Agriculture, livestock farming, craftwork, or trade
Explain one reason why people criticized the Catholic Church at the beginning of the Early Modern Age.
People believed the Church was corrupt and not respecting spiritual principles.
What did Calvinists believe about predestination?
That people were born already destined for salvation or damnation.
Explain one decision made during the Council of Trent.
The Church reaffirmed the authority of the pope, the seven sacraments, and Catholic doctrine.
Why was Carlos V constantly involved in wars?
Because he fought Protestants, France, the Ottoman Empire, and conflicts with the pope.
Why were moriscos important for agriculture in Spain?
Because they were skilled in irrigated farming techniques.
Why did Luther’s ideas spread quickly across Europe?
Because the printing press helped distribute his ideas rapidly.
Explain one major difference between Lutheran doctrine and Catholic doctrine.
Lutherans believed salvation came mainly through faith, while Catholics believed faith and good works were necessary.
Why did the Catholic Church launch the Counter-Reformation?
To stop the spread of Protestantism and reform problems inside the Church.
Explain why Felipe II’s empire became so large after 1580.
Because he became king of Portugal and gained control of Portuguese colonies.
Why did Spain suffer economic problems despite receiving wealth from America?
Because wars were very expensive and the royal treasury went bankrupt several times.
Explain how the sale of indulgences damaged the authority of the Catholic Church.
People believed the Church was more interested in money than spirituality and morality.
Why were Protestants given that name at the Diet of Speyer?
Because reformist princes and cities protested against the condemnation of Lutheranism.
Explain how the Council of Trent strengthened the Catholic Church.
It clarified Catholic beliefs, improved discipline among clergy, and reinforced papal authority.
Why were the tercios considered important in European warfare?
Because they were disciplined infantry units that used modern tactics and firearms effectively.
Explain why trade became important for the Spanish monarchy during the 16th century.
Trade brought wealth, connected Spain to other regions, and helped finance the empire and wars.