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A Roman Government

100

Name the 3 Main Elements that help restore the Roman government before the Fall 

New government structure, a reconomic social system, and a new state religion—Christianity.

200

Two Roman institutions enlarged 

Both the Civil and Military were separated and enlarged during the Diocletian and Constantine eras. 

300

What is the Tetrarchy? Explain the elements. 

Means the rule of four. Two Augusti and two Caesars resided in a different administrative capital, east and west. 

400

By 500 AD Western Roman Empire was being replaced politically by German kings. Romans still control what 2 institutions? 

Social and economic. They outnumbered the population in size and they controlled trading resources. 

500

What happened in 410 AD? 

The administrative structure of the empire, Milan, in the west collapsed in 410AD and was replaced by an assortment of Germanic kingdoms.

A Christian Nation

100

What is Arianism? How does it conflict with Christian beliefs? 

A product of the followers of Arius, a priest from Alexandria in Egypt. Arius proposed that Jesus had only been human and thus not truly God. 

200

What is the Council of Nicaea? 

Initiated by Emperor Constantine in 325, to debate the Holy Trinity, condemn Arianism and establish that Jesus was of ‘‘the same substance’’ as God:

300

Who is the Bishop of Myra? 

Attended the council to debate the Holy Trinity. Nicholas of Myra grew so angry at Arius's blasphemy that he struck him.The other bishops were shocked and had Nicholas arrested, stripped of his bishop's robes, and chained.

The same Saint Nick that we know of Santa Claus. 

400

He set the papacy and the Roman Catholic Church, encouraged missionaries to Anglo-Saxons through monastic movement.

Pope Gregory the Great 

500

What is a monk?

Latin monachus, meaning ‘‘someone who lives alone. A man who sought to live a life divorced from the world, ordinary human society, in order to pursue an ideal of godliness or total dedication to the will of God.

Germanic Kingdoms

100

Any group of people above these two rivers were called Germanic or barbarian? Which are they? 

Rhine and Danube Rivers. 

200

List the four problems with Germanic migration. 

1) Incorporating the movement of Germans into the empire, 2) Military boundary failures, 3) struggles for power in Roman and German military leaders 4) wealthy aristocrats to supported whichever side seemed to offer them greater security

300

What is a Wergeld? 

(Blood Money) A fine or paid amount from the wrongdoer to the family of the person how had been injured / killed - AND - the value varied according to social status.

It is later determined by Compurgation and Ordeal.

400

Name the main 5 "Germanic" tribes that started to occupy Western Roman Empire? 

Huns, Visogoths, Ostrogoths, Franks, Anglo-Saxons

500

Who was the last Roman Emperor? 

The last Roman emperor, Romulus Augustus. 

He was deposed by German master of soliders, Odoacer. He presented himself as a German king obedient in theory to the current Roman Emperor, Zeno in Constantinople.

Monasteries

100

What is a monk?

Latin monachus, meaning ‘‘someone who lives alone. A man who sought to live a life divorced from the world, ordinary human society, in order to pursue an ideal of godliness or total dedication to the will of God.

200

Where is monastic living first start? 

It first stated in Egypt. Based on the model of the solitary hermit who forsakes all civilized society to pursue spirituality.

300

Saint Benedict of Nursia (480–543),

Known for a set of rules of monastery living. Patron saints of students and monastics, and he is invoked as a protector against poisoning and kidney disease.

400

Name the three ideals of St. Benedict monastery living 

Stability (staying in the monastery for life), fidelity (accepting the routine of the monastery), and obedience (to the abbot as head of the monastery).

500

Which island people preserved Classic latin and gospel manuscripts? 

The Irish! Ireland had remained a Celtic outpost beyond the reach of the Roman Empire and the Germanic invaders. An example, the Book of Kells, a richly decorated illuminated manuscript of the Christian gospels. 

The Eastern Empire

100

This Byzantine emperor outlawed icons, especially from monks. 

The Byzantine emperor Leo III (717–741) outlawed the use of icons, He did this on the case of idolatry. 

• Strong resistance ensued, especially from monks.
  The Western Roman popes were opposed to the iconolastic edicts, and their opposition created considerable dissension between the popes and the Byzantine emperors. 

200

The Five Pillars of Islam 

• Belief in Allah and Muhammad as his Prophet; 
• Standard prayer five times a day and public prayer on Friday at midday to worship Allah
• Observance of the holy month of Ramadan (RAH-muh-dan) (the ninth month on the Muslim calendar) with fasting from dawn to sunset;
• Making a pilgrimage—known as the hajj (HAJ)—to Mecca in one’s lifetime, if possible.
• Giving alms to the poor and unfortunate. The faithful who observed the law were guaranteed a place in an eternal paradise

300

What is a Caliph? What is his role in Jihad? 

Caliph means - temporal leader, of the Islamic community and increased authority into the military. 

Jihad actually means ‘‘striving in the way of the Lord’’ to achieve personal betterment, although it can also mean defensive fighting to preserve one’s life and one’s faith aka a Holy War.  

Arab conquests were not carried out to convert others but to purify and protect the faith 

400

Who is Muhammad (570–632 AD)? 

• Born in Mecca to a merchant family, orphaned at the age of five. During tensions arose between the Bedouins in the desert and the increasingly wealthy merchant classes in the towns.
• He grew up to become a caravan manager and married a rich widow who was also his employer. In his middle years, he began to experience visions that he believed were inspired by Allah. Muhammad set out to convince the people of Mecca that the revelations were true.

500

Why is there division between Islam groups Sunnies and Shi'ites? 

Divison comes from where authority originates.

• Shi’ites - those who accepted only the descendants of Ali, Muhammad’s son-in-law, as the true rulers
• Sunnites -  who claimed that the descendants of the Umayyads were the true caliphs. This seventh-century split in Islam has lasted until the present day.