Language
1. Biological: (language is innate/nature)
2. Environmental: (language requires interaction/nurture)
3. Epigenetic: Nurture determines how the genome is expressed
What is the Flynn effect?
The Flynn effect is the observed rise in average IQ scores over time, a phenomenon first noted by psychologist James Flynn
What theorist is credited with the paradox of choice?
Barry Schwartz (2004)
attention, memory, reasoning, sensation, perception, language
What is group think?
Groupthink is a psychological phenomenon where the desire for harmony in a group leads to irrational or poor decision-making
What is language deprivation?
Language Deprivation: Lack of language stimuli that are necessary for language acquisition in an individual.
Fluid vs Crystallized Intelligence
Crystallized intelligence is the knowledge we accumulate over time via prior experience, or general facts. Accumulated knowledge we can recall.
Fluid intelligence is the adaptability to new situations or problems (via reasoning, pattern-recognition, or problem-solving skills).
What theorist came up with 'emotional intelligence'?
Daniel Goleman
What is the representational change theory?
insight problems cause impasses because they mislead problem solvers into constructing inappropriate initial representations
What is Subjective Expected Utility?
Subjective Expected Utility Theory(SEU): a rational person/being should attempt to maximize their rewards by choosing an action with the highest expected utility
Seek pleasure
Avoid pain
Judgement of pleasure and pain is made by each decision maker(subjective)
What is Universal Grammar?
A component of Chomsky's minimalist program that states that
Inborn universal grammar: innate readiness to learn grammatical rules
All languages have nouns and verbs, subjects and objects, negations and questions
What is 'g factor' and 's factor'?
G factor refers to general intelligence: isolated to a single underlying mental ability that affects performance on all cognitive tasks, such as reasoning, problem-solving, and learning
S factor: forms of intelligence that were task specific (music, math, etc).
What is the problem space theory & it's 3 components?
One must also take into consideration their internal representation of the problem, often called the 'problem space' Which is broken down into 3 parts:
Initial State: the current situation (defining the problem)
Goal State: the desired objective
Obstacles: limitations, concerns and consequences of choices
What does 'system 1 and system 2' refer to?
system 1: rapid processing, automatic and intuitive
system 2: logical, deliberate, rational
What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis (Linguistic Relativity): language shapes our perception of the world - using the wrong word in a particular language would have consequences
(concept of time to the Hopi people)
What is Triarchic Intelligence, and what are it's 3 components?
"mental activity directed toward purposive adaptation to, selection, and shaping of real-world environments relevant to one's life."
3 components:
Componential: the ability to solve problems and evaluate relevant information.
Experiential: the ability to navigate new problems/new situations.
Practical: the ability to adapt or shape real-world situations.
What theorist founded the 'g factor' and 's factor'
Charles Spearman
What are 'ill defined' and 'well-defined' problems?
Well-defined Problem: Problems that have specific goals, clear solution paths or expected solutions(logical, clear, systematic)
Ill-defined Problem: Problems that do not haveclear goals, solution paths or expected solutions(vague, unclear, uncertain)
What is the paradox of choice?
A negative consequence of having too many choices -an overabundance of options can actually lead to anxiety, lack of decision making and dissatisfaction
What is the difference between language acquisition and language learning?
Language acquisition is the unconscious, natural process of picking up a language through exposure, like how children learn their first language.
Language learning is the conscious, formal process of studying a language, which typically occurs later in life through instruction and effort, focusing on rules and structure
What do the terms 'alpha' and 'beta' tests refer to within IQ testing, and why were they important developments within the field of intelligence?
The Army Alpha and Beta tests, developed during World War I under Robert Yerkes (with Lewis Terman among the contributors), were among the first large-scale intelligence tests. The Alpha measured verbal ability, while the Beta was one of the first to assess intelligence nonverbally
Who came up with the original concept of 'intelligence quotient' (IQ) & Who came up with what we think of as the first intelligence test?
Test: Alfred Binet
What is the processing speed theory? What is one neurological explanation for it?
Processing Speed Theory (Salthouse, 1996): As we age, our ability to process information declines – working memory becomes less efficient
- Limited time mechanism: cognitive operations take longer = less time
- Simultaneity mechanism: early processed information would no longer be available by the time later information was acquired
This could be due to:
Thinning of myelin on the neuron
Less neurotransmitters
Organization of neural networks
Define 'maximizer and satisficer", what do these terms relate to?
Maximizing: taking into account all considerations before making the most informed decision possible.
2. Satisficing: to obtain an outcome that is good enough
Relates to 2 types of decision makers found by Simon (1950s)