Multiple Choice
"Women leave their families to marry, and the husband is the master of the household they marry into. . . . The husband is to be firm, the wife soft; conjugal affections follow from this. While at home, the two of you should treat each other with the formality and reserve of a guest. Listen carefully to and obey whatever your husband tells you. If he does something wrong, gently correct him. Don’t be like those women who not only do not correct their husbands but actually lead them into indecent ways.”
-Wife of a Tang dynasty official
The excerpt above best illustrates which of the following attributes of Confucianism?
The equality of all members of the family
The power of wives over their husbands outside the home
The virtues and duties of family members
The legitimacy of selling women to worthy families
What is The virtues and duties of family members
“The Mexican city of Zacatecas is renowned for the enormous quantity of silver that has been extracted from it and continues to be extracted today. At the time of the discovery of the silver, there were many forests and woodlands in this rocky land, all of which have since vanished so that now except for some little wild palms, no other trees remain. Firewood is very expensive in the city because it is brought in carts from a distance of eighteen hours away.
The silver was discovered in the year 1540, in the following way: after the fall of the Aztec Empire, Spanish soldiers remained, spread over the entire country. Since no more towns remained to conquer and since they had so many Indian slaves, they devoted themselves to seeking riches from silver mines. One of these soldiers was Juan de Tolosa, who happened to have an Aztec among his Indian slaves. The Aztec, it is said, seeing his master so anxious to discover mines and to claim silver, told him: ‘If you so desire this substance, I will take you where you can fill your hands and satisfy your greed with it.’
The city houses at least 600 White residents, and most of them are Spaniards. There are about 800 Black slaves and mulattoes*. There are about 1,500 Indians in the work gangs who labor in all types of occupations in the mines.”
Alonso de la Mota y Escobar, Bishop of Guadalajara, Mexico, geographical treatise, 1605
*a person of mixed European and African ancestry
Based on the description of the discovery of silver in Zacatecas in the second paragraph, which of the following conclusions about Mota y Escobar is best supported?
He had no firsthand knowledge of Mexico.
He was an opponent of the practice of slavery.
He was critical of the motivations of the Spanish conquistadors.
He questioned the economic usefulness of silver mining.
What is He was critical of the motivations of the Spanish conquistadors.
“The economic roots of imperialism are found in the desire of strong industrial nations to find new markets for their goods and new opportunities for investment. When production outstrips consumption at home, manufacturers and financiers seek outlets abroad. This pressure, rather than national pride or moral purpose, has largely driven the expansion of empires.”
J.A. Hobson, Imperialism: A Study, 1902
what is the main topic of this passage
What is Imperialism is primarily driven by industrial nations’ economic need for new markets and investment opportunities when domestic production exceeds consumption.
the world economic system that developed after 1500 featured unequal relationships between western Europe and dependent economies in other regions. Strong governments and large armies fed European dominance of world trade. Dependent economies used slave or serf labor to produce cheap foods and minerals for Europe and they imported more expensive European items in turn. Dependent regions had weak governments which made European penetration and slave systems possible.
infer what made this theory relevant when it was published?
they didn't have an economic theory that encompassed the semi-periphery properly
this was the first ever economic theory
this was a strict guideline that everyone had to follow
What is they didn't have an economic theory that encompasses the semi-periphery properly
“Women leave their families to marry, and the husband is the master of the household they marry into. . . . The husband is to be firm, the wife soft; conjugal affections follow from this. While at home, the two of you should treat each other with the formality and reserve of a guest. Listen carefully to and obey whatever your husband tells you. If he does something wrong, gently correct him. Don’t be like those women who not only do not correct their husbands but actually lead them into indecent ways.”
Wife of a Tang dynasty official
why was this written
What is to encourage women to live like the author and teach the social roles of women in the Tang dynasty
"The commercial area of the capital extends from the old Qing River market to the Southern Commons and to the city border on the north. . . . Some famous fabric stores sell exquisite brocade fabric and fine silk, which are unsurpassed elsewhere in the country. . . . Most other cities can only boast of one special product; what makes the capital unique is that it gathers goods from all places. Furthermore, because of the large population and the busy commercial traffic, there is a demand for everything.”
-Description of Hangzhou, capital of the southern Song dynasty, circa 1235 C.E.
Which of the following assertions in the description of Hangzhou above would be most difficult to verify?
That Hangzhou had a large population
That the merchandise sold in Hangzhou was of higher quality than that sold in other Chinese cities
That the merchants of Hangzhou imported goods from many other places
That Hangzhou had a large market district
What is That the merchandise sold in Hangzhou was of higher quality than that sold in other Chinese cities
“Americans today . . . who live within the Spanish system occupy a position in society no better than that of serfs destined for labor, or at best they have no more status than that of mere consumers. Yet even this status is surrounded with galling restrictions, such as being forbidden to grow European crops, or to store products which are royal monopolies, or to establish factories of a type the Peninsula itself does not possess. To this add the exclusive trading privileges, even in articles of prime necessity, and the barriers between American provinces, designed to prevent all exchange of trade, traffic, and understanding.”
Simón Bolívar, Jamaica Letter, 1815
The quotation above best supports which of the following conclusions about the author’s motives for resistance to Spanish colonial rule in Latin America?
Bolívar opposed the use of Native Americans and Africans as forced laborers in Latin America.
Bolívar rejected Spanish mercantilist policies that restricted free trade in Latin America
Bolívar was alarmed by the excessive consumerism in the Spanish empire
Bolívar hoped to undo the effects of the columbian exchange.
What is Bolívar rejected Spanish mercantilist policies that restricted free trade in Latin America
“Our Celestial Empire possesses all things in prolific abundance and lacks no product within its own borders. There is therefore no need to import the manufactures of outside barbarians in exchange for our own produce.”
Qianlong Emperor, Letter to King George III, 1793
what can the reader infer about the writers attitude towards trade
What is the author doesn't encourage interaction or trade in their empire, he sees europeans as inferior
“In countries where there is a great scarcity of money, all other saleable goods, and even the labor of men, are given for less money than [in countries] where money is abundant. Thus we see by experience that in France (where money is scarcer than in Spain) bread, wine, cloth, and labor, are worth much less. And even in Spain, in [recent] times when money was scarcer than it is now, saleable goods and labor were given for much less.”
Martín de Azpilcueta Navarro, Spanish scholar, treatise, 1556
Navarro’s economic observations expressed in the passage above are best understood in the context of which of the following?
The influx of silver from the Americas into the Spanish economy
The practice of governments devaluing their currencies by reducing the proportion of precious metals in their coins
The beginning of large-scale importation of silver by China from Spanish mines in the Americas
What is The influx of silver from the Americas into the Spanish economy
“Nobody has one exclusive sphere of activity but each can become accomplished in any branch he wishes, society regulates the general production and thus makes it possible for me to do one thing today and another tomorrow, to hunt in the morning, fish in the afternoon, raise cattle in the evening, [and] criticize after dinner.”
Karl Marx, German philosopher, describing his view of life in a communist society, 1846
do you think the author is pro or against a communist society, explain
What is pro comunism
“The Japanese ships are strictly forbidden to leave for foreign countries. No Japanese is permitted to go abroad. If anyone attempts to do so secretly, he must be put to death. All trade with foreign nations is restricted to designated ports under strict supervision. These measures are intended to protect the nation from foreign influence and maintain order within the realm.”
Passage: Tokugawa Shogunate, Sakoku Edict, Japan, 1635
The main purpose of this edict was to:
A) Encourage Japanese merchants to expand overseas trade
B) Limit foreign influence and maintain domestic stability
C) Promote cultural exchange with European nations
D) Increase Japanese naval power for conquest
What is limit foreign influence and maintain domestic stability
“We send this letter to inform you that the Emperor of China desires friendly relations and trade with your country. Our ships have brought gifts and goods as a sign of goodwill. We ask that you receive our envoys kindly and allow merchants from China to trade freely in your ports. The Emperor hopes that this exchange will strengthen friendship and mutual respect between our peoples"
Letter from Zheng He to the King of Calicut, c. 1411
what is the position in the government of the author
What is he works for the king and communicates for him, he doesn't make any decisions
“We have permitted those of the Reformed religion to live and dwell in all the cities and places of this our kingdom without being questioned, molested, or compelled to do anything in matters of religion contrary to their conscience. They may practice their religion freely, without disturbance or hindrance, in the places permitted by this edict. At the same time, we wish to maintain peace and unity in our kingdom and to end the conflicts that have divided our people for so many years.”
The Edict of Nantes, France, 1598
provide a summary of what is happening in this passage
What is the author is promoting peace towards people of different religion to reach prosperity within France and reduce the violence
“The Christians, with their horses and swords and lances, began to carry out massacres and strange cruelties against the native peoples. They attacked the towns and villages, sparing neither children nor the aged nor pregnant women, stabbing them and cutting them to pieces as though dealing with sheep in a slaughterhouse. They made bets as to who could split a man in two at a stroke or cut off his head at one blow. The natives, who were naturally meek and humble, suffered oppression beyond measure, while the Christians sought only gold and cared nothing for the lives of those they destroyed.”
Bartolomé de las Casas, A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies, 1542
what historical event is this passage referring to
What is the expansion of Europe into the americas and the brutalities toward natives
“It is widely accepted that the rise of the Mongol Empire greatly expanded trade and the circulation of goods. . . . Since the fall of the Uighur Empire [in the ninth century], Mongolia was a region removed from the main trade routes. Thus the Mongols irrupted into the wider world as a relatively unknown society. As the Mongol Empire dominated Eurasia, envoys, merchants and travelers came to the court of the Mongols . . . and participated in . . . the exchange of goods, ideas, technology and people precipitated by the Mongol conquests.”
Timothy May, United States historian, academic article, 2016
does the author view the mongol conquests as beneficial in the course of history? why
What is yes, the author portrays that they were beneficial
"Mr. President, I am writing you a letter which maybe you'll read if you have the time.
I have just received my army recruitment papers to report for duty in the war*by Wednesday evening.
Mr. President, I do not want to do that;
I was not put on this earth to kill wretched people living far away.
I must tell you-it's not to make you mad-but l've made my decision: I am going to desert....
I will hit the road and beg for my life all over France-and I will call out to the people:
'Refuse to obey! Refuse to do it!
Don't go to fight in the war! Just say no!' If someone's blood must be shed,
Then shed yours, Mr. President! Lead by example!
And if you decide to hunt me down, warn your police that I will be unarmed, and that they can go ahead and shoot."
*a reference to the war in French Vietnam Boris Vian, French poet, "The Deserter," 1954
Late-twentieth-century military conflicts such as the one referred to in the poem typically resulted from which of the following?
A Mercantilist colonial policies
B Social Darwinist philosophy
C Negotiated decolonization
D National resistance to imperialism
What is D nation resistance to imperialism
"If it were asked, why do we accept the theory of contagion, when already the divine law has refuted the notion of contagion, we will answer: The existence of contagion has been proved by experience, deduction, the senses, observation, and by unanimous reports. And it is not a secret to whoever has looked into this matter or has come to be aware of it that those who come into contact with plague patients mostly die, while those who do not come into contact survive. And amidst the horrible afflictions that the plague has imposed upon the people, God has afflicted the people with some learned religious scholars who issue fatwas* against fleeing the plague, so that the quills with which the scholars wrote these fatwas were like swords upon which the Muslims died. In conclusion, to ignore the proofs of plague contagion is an indecency and an affront to God and holds cheap the lives of Muslims."
*rulings on Islamic law
Lisan al-Din Ion al-Khatib, A Very Useful Inquiry into the Horrible Sickness, Granada, Spain, 1349-1352
Who was this man and why should you think about this while reading.
What is He was a devoutly religious Muslim who was advocating for the Jews showing that science was developing and that though many people were blaming them there were those who were not. You should think about this while reading because words like fatwas and others can be important to the context also the religious perspective is important to consider.
"The Mexican city of Zacatecas is renowned for the enormous quantity of silver that has been extracted from it and continues to be extracted today. At the time of the discovery of the silver, there were many forests and woodlands in this rocky land, all of which have since vanished so that now except for some little wild palms, no other trees remain. Firewood is very expensive in the city because it is brought in carts from a distance of eighteen hours away.
The silver was discovered in the year 1540, in the following way: after the fall of the Aztec Empire, Spanish soldiers remained, spread over the entire country. Since no more towns remained to conquer and since they had so many Indian slaves, they devoted themselves to seeking riches from silver mines. One of these soldiers was Juan de Tolosa, who happened to have an Aztec among his Indian slaves. The Aztec, it is said, seeing his master so anxious to discover mines and to claim silver, told him: 'If you so desire this substance, I will take you where you can fill your hands and satisfy your greed with it.'
The city houses at least 600 White residents, and most of them are Spaniards. There are about 800 Black slaves and mulattoes*. There are about 1,500 Indians in the work gangs who labor in all types of occupations in the mines."
Alonso de la Mota y Escobar, Bishop of Guadalajara, Mexico, geographical treatise, 1605
*a person of mixed European and African ancestry
What is Zacatecas, Mexico, famous for its vast silver mines. The discovery of silver in 1540 was facilitated by Spanish soldiers using knowledge from Indigenous people. Originally forested, the area’s trees have been largely destroyed, making firewood scarce and expensive. By 1605, the city’s population included around 600 Europeans (mostly Spaniards), 800 Black slaves and mulattoes, and 1,500 Indigenous laborers working in the mines.
"Emperor Zhengzong, being deeply concerned with agriculture, came to know that the Champa rice was drought resistant and that the green lentils of India were famous for their heavy yield and large seeds.
Special envoys, bringing precious things, were dispatched with a view to securing these varieties.... When the first harvests were reaped in the autumn, the emperor called his closest ministers to taste them and compose poems for Champa rice and Indian green lentils."
Shu Wenying, Buddhist monk, China, eleventh century C.E.
What is likely the context for this event that makes champa rice so important?
What is the Chinese droughts and population growth that Champa rice helped solve.
"In countries where there is a great scarcity of money, all other saleable goods, and even the labor of men, are given for less money than [in countries] where money is abundant. Thus we see by experience that in France (where money is scarcer than in Spain) bread, wine, cloth, and labor, are worth much less. And even in Spain, in [recent] times when money was scarcer than it is now, saleable goods and labor were given for much less."Based on this question how did Spains economy evolve.
What is Spain saw a large influx in silver from the mines however they spent a large portion and almost went bankrupt.
Chicken Tikka Massala is now a true British national dish, not only because it is the most popular, but because it is a perfect illustration of the way Britain absorbs and adapts external influences. Chicken Tikka is an Indian dish. The Massala sauce was added to satisfy the desire of British people to have their meat served in gravy.”
Robin Cook, British Foreign Secretary, speech, 2001
The development of the British cuisine described in the excerpted speech above is best seen as an example of which of the following?
ResponsesA
The effects of migration by former colonial subjects to imperial metropoles
B
The spread of culture through new communication technology
C
The global spread of western popular and consumer culture
DThe resistance to immigration by nativist groups
What is A
The effects of migration by former colonial subjects to imperial metropoles
"Last Will and Testament
1, Anna de São Jozé da Trindade, Roman Catholic since baptism, always firm in the faith of the Catholic religion, declare the present Will in the following manner:
I declare that I was born on the Coast of Africa from where I was transported to the states of Brazil and the city of Salvador in the state of Bahia where I have lived until the present. I was a slave of Theodozia Maria da Cruz, who bought me as part of a parcel of slaves, and who freed me for the amount of one hundred mil-réis,* which I gave her in cash. And as a freed woman I have enjoyed this same freedom without the least opposition until the present time.
I declare that I was never married and always remained single. And in this state I had five children.
I declare that the goods I possess are the following: a slave by the name of Maria, whom I leave conditionally freed for the amount of sixty mil-réis, to be paid to my granddaughter.
I also possess a group of two-story houses with shops at street level and a basement below with lodgings, located on the Ladeira do Carmo, where I live on land belonging to me."
*currency unit in colonial Brazil
Anna de São Jozé da Trindade, Afro-Brazilian woman, last will and testament, 1823
What part does the hertiage of the author mean about her journey and based on this is she an outlier?
What is a woman from Afro decent and living in Brazil means that as a slave she was able to buy her freedom and the money she accumulated was from the brazilian economny so as such she and other women were outliers not the norm, but not uncommon.
“Nobody has one exclusive sphere of activity but each can become accomplished in any branch he wishes, society regulates the general production and thus makes it possible for me to do one thing today and another tomorrow, to hunt in the morning, fish in the afternoon, raise cattle in the evening, [and] criticize after dinner.”
What is people aren’t limited to a single role or activity; society’s organization allows individuals to pursue multiple interests and skills. One can switch freely between different pursuits, work, hobbies, or intellectual activities throughout the day.
"If it were asked, why do we accept the theory of contagion, when already the divine law has refuted the notion of contagion, we will answer: The existence of contagion has been proved by experience, deduction, the senses, observation, and by unanimous reports. And it is not a secret to whoever has looked into this matter or has come to be aware of it that those who come into contact with plague patients mostly die, while those who do not come into contact survive. And amidst the horrible afflictions that the plague has imposed upon the people, God has afflicted the people with some learned religious scholars who issue fatwas* against fleeing the plague, so that the quills with which the scholars wrote these fatwas were like swords upon which the Muslims died. In conclusion, to ignore the proofs of plague contagion is an indecency and an affront to God and holds cheap the lives of Muslims."
*rulings on Islamic law
Lisan al-Din Ion al-Khatib, A Very Useful Inquiry into the Horrible Sickness, Granada, Spain, 1349-1352
Which sickness is this talking about.
The black plague
it were asked, why do we accept the theory of contagion, when already the divine law has refuted the notion of contagion, we will answer: The existence of contagion has been proved by experience, deduction, the senses, observation, and by unanimous reports. And it is not a secret to whoever has looked into this matter or has come to be aware of it that those who come into contact with plague patients mostly die, while those who do not come into contact survive. And amidst the horrible afflictions that the plague has imposed upon the people, God has afflicted the people with some learned religious scholars who issue fatwas* against fleeing the plague, so that the quills with which the scholars wrote these fatwas were like swords upon which the Muslims died. In conclusion, to ignore the proofs of plague contagion is an indecency and an affront to God and holds cheap the lives of Muslims."
*rulings on Islamic law
Lisan al-Din Ibn al-Khatib, A Very Useful Inquiry into the Horrible Sickness, Granada, Spain, 1349-1352
What is the author claiming?
What is the author claims that Jews are not at fault for the plague.