Patient Case Files
A basketball player rolls an ankle inward. Imaging shows no fracture, but examination identifies a stretched and partly torn band connecting two bones. Name the injury and tissue.
What are an ankle sprain and a ligament?
Which bone is the longest in the body and lies between the hip and knee: humerus, femur, or fibula?
What is the femur?
Choose the division: The skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage belong to the axial or appendicular skeleton.
What is the axial skeleton?
Fill in the blank: Blood cell formation in red bone marrow is called _____
What is hematopoiesis?
In skeletal terms, what does oste/o mean?
What is bone?
A patient has repeated attacks of a red, swollen, very painful big-toe joint. Testing identifies uric acid crystals. Which condition fits these findings?
What is gout?
In anatomical position, a forearm injury is on the thumb side. Which bone is affected, and what is the other forearm bone?
What are the radius (thumb side) and ulna?
Match the rib groups: 1-7; 8-10; 11-12. Which are true, indirectly attached false, and floating ribs?
What are true ribs (1-7), indirectly attached false ribs (8-10), and floating ribs (11-12)?
Name both parts: the shaft of a long bone and an expanded end of a long bone.
What are the diaphysis (shaft) and epiphysis (end)?
Identify the meanings of fract- in fracture.
What are break?
An older patient has low bone density and a hip fracture after a minor fall. Bone breakdown has exceeded bone replacement. Name the condition and the bone-resorbing cell.
What are osteoporosis and the osteoclast?
Name the three bone groups from wrist to fingertips: wrist bones, palm bones, and finger bones.
What are carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges?
A spine model has 7 neck vertebrae, 12 chest vertebrae, and 5 lower-back vertebrae. Name these three regions in order.
What are the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions?
A bone is being remodeled. One cell builds new bone while another removes old bone. Name the builder and the remover.
What are the osteoblast (builder) and osteoclast (remover)?
Decode two terms: hemat/o + -poiesis in hematopoiesis;
What are blood + formation
Patient A has gradually worn knee cartilage. Patient B has an immune system that attacks joint tissues, including small hand joints. Identify the two forms of arthritis.
What are osteoarthritis (A) and rheumatoid arthritis (B)?
Match each motion to a synovial joint type: bending the knee; moving the hip in many directions; turning the head at the first two cervical vertebrae.
What are hinge, ball-and-socket, and pivot joints, respectively?
A facial-bone model is missing three labels: lower jaw, upper jaw, and cheekbones. Supply all three names.
What are the mandible, maxillae (maxillary bones), and zygomatic bones?
A lab specimen has a lattice of bony struts inside and a fibrous covering on its outer surface. Name the spongy tissue and the outer covering.
What are cancellous bone and the periosteum?
Decode these word origins: medulla
What are marrow?
A forearm bone breaks all the way through, and a skin wound communicates with the fracture. Give two fracture labels: one for extent and one for skin involvement. Why is a cast useful?
What are a complete fracture and an open (compound) fracture? A cast immobilizes the area and helps maintain alignment while the bone heals.
After a fall, the head of the humerus is outside the scapula's socket. Name the injury and joint type. Why does this joint's large range of motion come with a stability tradeoff?
What are a shoulder dislocation and a ball-and-socket joint? The shallow socket permits wide movement but provides less bony stability.
Trace the protected pathway: What large opening at the base of the skull leads into the canal that houses the spinal cord? Name the skull opening and the spinal canal.
What are the foramen magnum and the vertebral canal?
Put these fracture-repair stages in order: bony callus; remodeling; hematoma; fibrocartilaginous callus.
What are hematoma, fibrocartilaginous callus, bony callus, and remodeling?
The word part (-clast).
What is something that breaks down?
Which structure connects muscle to bone, and which connects bone to bone?
What are a tendon and a ligament, respectively?
A horseshoe-shaped neck bone supports tongue and swallowing muscles and does not articulate with another bone. Name it.
What is the hyoid bone?
A child's long bones are increasing in length. Which cartilage structure between the epiphysis and diaphysis allows this growth?
What is the epiphyseal plate (growth plate)?
A skull suture is a fibrous joint. The pubic symphysis is joined by cartilage. Which joint category describes the pubic symphysis?
What is a cartilaginous joint?
When a person walks, cushions between vertebral bodies absorb shock. Name these structures and their cartilage type.
What are intervertebral discs made of fibrocartilage?
A report describes an injury at the proximal epiphysis rather than the distal epiphysis. Which end is closer to the limb's attachment to the trunk?
What is the proximal epiphysis? Distal means farther from the attachment.