Models of Memory
A cluster of related knowledge stored in the mind, also called a "cognitive framework."
Schema
The brain structure essential for forming new long-term memories, though it doesn't store them itself.
Hippocampus
What ACE stands for.
Adverse Childhood Experience?
The type of cognitive load imposed by the difficulty of the task itself.
Intrinsic load
The video game used in West et al.'s study that increased hippocampal grey matter in older adults.
Super Mario Bros
The control process that moves information from the sensory store into short-term memory.
Attention
HM could improve at the star-tracing task each session despite no conscious memory of practising demonstrating this intact memory type.
The working memory task Hawkins used to measure the cognitive effects of ACEs.
n-back task
The type of cognitive load created by distractions unrelated to the learning task
Extraneus load
A meta-analysis of 54 studies found this reading format consistently outperforms screen reading for comprehension.
Fitting new information into an existing schema without changing it.
Assimilation
The stress hormone that boosts memory consolidation for emotionally arousing material by increasing hippocampal activity.
Cortisol
The variable that showed a negative correlation with brain volume in Mackes et al.'s Romanian orphans study.
time spent in the orphanage
Due to increased extraneous load.
The cognitive function, beyond storage, that makes handwritten notes more memorable than typed ones.
Encoding
The WMM component that controls information flow and has been called "the little man in the head."
Central Executive
The brain imaging technique used by Sherman et al. to measure hippocampal activity during memory encoding.
fMRI
The cultural orientation linked to higher rates of flashbulb memories, due to greater emotional rehearsal with others.
Individualism
The type of cognitive load involving effort spent connecting new material to existing schemas.
Germane load
The factor (more than total screen time) that determines whether gaming helps or harms working memory.
Type of game
What is one limitation of the WMM?
The structural effect that chronic cortisol exposure has on the hippocampus.
Shrinkage (volume reduction)
The neural growth process that neglect prevents, leading to reduced hippocampal volume over time.
Dendritogenesis
How big should the intrinsic load be for studying?
Optimal :)
The psychological state, worsened by screen time, that consumes working memory capacity and indirectly impairs memory.
Anxiety