Hydrocarbons
What are hydrocarbons?
The simplest form of organic compounds, containing only hydrogens and carbons
What is a functional group?
A functional group is an atom or group of atoms within an organic molecule that determines its chemical properties and reactions.
Compounds with the same functional group generally have similar chemical properties and undergo similar types of reactions.
What is the simplest way to represent an organic molecule?
Line structural formula
What is a Structural Isomer?
Structural isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but a different arrangement of atoms (different structural formulas).
This means they contain the same number of each type of atom, but the atoms are connected in different ways.
What is an addition reation?
Addition reactions occur when atoms are added across a double or triple bond in an unsaturated hydrocarbon.
Unsaturated hydrocarbon + reagent → larger, more saturated molecule
What are the 10 prefixs for naming hydrocarbons
1 Meth, 2 Eth, 3 Prop, 4 But, 5 Pent, 6 Hex, 7 Hept, 8 Oct, 9 Non, Dec
What are the three common oxygen-containing functional groups?
Hydroxyl (-OH), Carbonyl (C=O) and Carboxyl (-COOH)
What is the difference between the Molecular Formula and the Empirical Formula?
A molecular formula shows the actual number of each type of atom in one molecule of a compound whereas an empirical formula shows the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound.
What is a geometrical isomer? What two forms can they exist in?
When atoms have different arrangements around a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C). They can exist in cis (same side) and trans (opposite side).
What is it called when a hydrogen gas (H2) is added across a double or triple bond?
Hydrogenation
How do you name a molecule with multiple substituents?
In alphabetical order (based on the substituent name not the multiplier
What is the difference between aldehydes and ketones?
An aldehyde has a carbonyl (C=O) group at the end of the carbon chain and a ketone has a carbonyl (C=O) group with the carbon chain.
What are the four physical properties of organic compounds?
Melting Point, Boiling Point, Volatility and Soluability
What is a chiral carbon and what isomer are they contained in?
A chiral carbon is a carbon atom that is bonded to four different groups in a tetrahedral arrangement, contained in an optical isomer.
What is it called when a halogen (group 17) molecule, such as Br₂ or Cl₂, is added across a double or triple bond?
Halogenation
What is an homologous series? Provide one example
A homologous series is a group of organic compounds that:
have the same general formula
have similar chemical properties
differ from the next member by one –CH₂– unit
Example: Alkanes
What are carboxylic acids? What do they contain?
Carboxylic acids are organic compounds that contain the carboxyl functional group (-COOH). The carboxyl group contains:
a carbonyl group (C=O)
a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to the same carbon atom
The -COOH group is always at the end of the carbon chain.
True or False: As a molecule of a homologous series gets larger, their dispersion forces become stronger
True
How many structural isomers does C4H10 have?
2! Butane and 2-Methylpropane
What is a Bromine Test used for?
To test whether a hydrocarbon is saturated or unsaturated
Name this hydrocarbon
3-ethyl-4-methylhexane
How are esters formed?
Esters are formed through a reaction (w/ catalyst) between:
carboxylic acid + alcohol → ester + water
Carboxylic Acids are more or less volatile? Why?
Less, as the carbon chain increases:
Molecular size ↑ > intermolecular forces ↑ > volatility ↓
So larger carboxylic acids are less volatile.
How can you differentiate between isomers?
Using structural formulas and IUPAC Nomenclature
What is Markovnikov's rule?
In the addition of an asymmetrical reagent, the hydrogen atom will bond to the carbon that already has the most hydrogen atoms.