Fagen
Generalisability
-all females elephants; ungeneralisable to male elephants.
-4 juvenile, 1 older ungeneralisable to older elephants.
-ungeneralisable to larger population; of African elephants as the elephants in Nepal were held captive in a stable.
Generalisability
-1 participant; only generalisable to this child participant specifically.
-focused on button phobia; ungeneralisable to other types of phobias
reliability
-controlled/ structured observation as it collected quantitative data. ex; correct behavioral responses
standarized, each elephant underwent the same behavioral tasks TTBBS (Trunk here, trunk up, bucket, blow, steady)
Reliability
-standarized procedures; 2 specific types of exposure therapy- positive reinforcement and imagery exposure therapy.
Hierchy chart of fear makes study easily replicable
Diagnostic and statistic manual to make sure his button phobia actually fit criteria for being a phobia.
application
-Zoo facilities can use it to train other captive animal species.
-SPR techniques can be useful in captive management of other species. ex; could involve in disease testing in other animals which would reduce the need to sedate an animal to obtain a sample.
Application
-intervention therapy is a succes; could be implemented with other phobias children or even adults.
-shows that disgust needs to be considered when treating phobias.
Validity
weakness
-measurement of outcomes is subjective; sessions were not recorded or validated by the use of inter-observer validation methods
-distractions; other animals making noises and tourists taking photos
Validity
Weakness
-data from hierachy of fear and disgust created by the boy was subjectivr. Boy's own feelings and thoguhts.
- Risk of demand characteristics as boy was aware of therapy
Ethics
-Housing; elephants grazed freely for a large portion of the day, elephants were adequately fed and socialized with other elephants in the jungle
-pain, suffering, and distress; SPR training method minimized any harm to animals and gave specific reward of banana.
Ethics
-informed consent from boy and mother
-privacy; boy remained anonymous; privacy was preserved.