Review
It is the volume of blood ejected per minute; typically 4-8L/min.
What is Cardiac Output?
It is characterized by a sudden severe, rapid rise in BP where the diastolic pressure is usually > 120-130
What is Hypertensive Crisis?
Drug class for the medications ending with -olol.
What is Beta Blocker?
What is the preferred imaging test for DVT?
Compression U/S
Name 1 modifiable and non-modifiable risk factor for Primary HTN
- Modifiable: age, gender, family hx, ethnicity
- Non-modifiable: heavy alcohol consumption, smoking, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, high dietary Na intake, psychosocial stress
They are the sensory neurons found at the carotid sinus & at the arch of the aorta.
What is Baroreceptors?
It is characterized by focal deposits of cholesterol and lipids, mostly in the tunica intimate layer of the artery and is usually caused by atherosclerosis.
What is Coronary Artery Disease?
They are mainly used for heart/kidney failure and not primarily for HTN.
What is Loop Diuretic (ie. Furosemide/Lasix)?
Name 2 Risk Factors of Pulmonary Embolism
- Immobility/reduced mobility
- Recent sx. especially lower extremity sx within the last 3 months
- Hx of DVT
- Malignancy
Volume of blood in the ventricle at end of diastole
What is Preload?
Primary cause of Rt Sided HF
Lt sided HF
The antiHTN class that lowers BP by blocking conversion of angiotensin I into angiotensin II.
What is ACE Inhibitor?
They are the "natural bypasses" in the heart, responding as an alternative route around the blocked arteries.
What is Collateral Circulation?
Name 3 Acute HF Tx Goals
-Decreasing Preload
-Decreasing Afterload (the resistance that the heart must overcome to eject blood)
-Improving Gas Exchange & Oxygenation
-Improving Cardiac Function
-Reducing Anxiety
The amount of blood ejected by the Lt ventricle during each systolic contraction
What is Stroke Volume?
Type of CCB that can cause Bradycardia
What is Non-dihydropyridines?
Name 3 clinical manifestations of DVT
- unilateral leg edema (most common)
- Tenderness w/palpation
- Dilated superficial veins
- Warmth in affected area
- Erythema
↑ blood volume/stretch = ↑ force of contraction = ↑ stroke volume
Frank-Starling's Law
Formula of Ejection Fraction
Amount of blood pumped out (stroke volume) divided by amount of blood in chamber (end-diastolic volume)
Name 2 types of diuretics that could put the patient at risk for becoming hypokalemia.
What are Loop Diuretics and Thiazide?
Name 2 drug classes/medications used as a HF tx
- ARNI (Entresto), ACEi (-sartan), ARB (-pril)
- Beta blockers (-olol)
- MRA (spironolactone)
- SGLT2i (-gliflozin)