Chapter 1 & 4
The structure formed by joining the amino acids by a peptide bond is called
Primary structure
In animal cells, membrane fluidity is modulated by the inclusion of what molecule?
cholesterol
this feature directs proteins to the correct cell address
Signal sequence
This type of filament in the cytoskeleton is crucial for cell movement and shape.
Actin
This process, occurring during meiosis I, involves the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, increasing genetic diversity
Crossing over
Which of the following interactions is crucial for the primary structure of proteins?
Peptide bond
what type of channel is required for the secretion of neurotransmitters in response to an action potential?
voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
These proteins contribute to vesicle transport by allowing the selective concentration of molecules to transport from one organelle to another.
Vesicle Coats
These structures are essential for chromosome separation during cell division.
Microtubules
This stage of meiosis II is characterized by the separation of sister chromatids to opposite poles of the cell.
Anaphase II
The composition of the extracellular (noncytosolic) layer differs from that of the cytosolic layer. Which factor is responsible for establishing this compositional asymmetry?
Flippase
Glucose can be transported against its concentration gradient without the direct expenditure of ATP in intestinal epithelial cells via what transported.
glucose and Na+ symport
This translocator mediates the insertion of those inner membrane proteins that are synthesized within mitochondria.
OXA complex
This phase of the cell cycle is where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA in preparation for mitosis.
S phase (synthesis phase)
The principal microtubule-organizing center in animal cells is the?
Centrosome
What is the resolving power of fluorescence microscopy limited by?
Wavelength
List two ways that the function of a protein can be regulated.
Enzyme inhibitors, phosphorylation and GTP binding
In this type of signaling, cells secrete signal molecules into the extracellular fluid or blood. These secreted molecules are considered local mediators, which act only on cells in the local environment.
Paracrine signaling
This checkpoint ensures that all chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle apparatus before the cell proceeds with mitosis.
metaphase Checkpoint
This type of environmental agent can generate chromosome breaks and alterations, DNA base alterations
Radiation (X-rays, UV rays)
Which type of interactions are involved in the quaternary structure
Hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, disulfide bonds, and ionic interactions
Phosphatidylcholine is made from 5 parts. Name those five parts.
This type of receptor, found on the surface of cells, is involved in transmitting signals from outside the cell to the inside, and is known for its seven transmembrane domains.
G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)
Mitosis and Meiosis are similar in many aspects but their outcomes are different. What are two differences in number of cells and chromosomes?
Mitosis results in two daughter cells and Meiosis in four daughter cells.
Mitosis daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell (diploid, 2n). Meiosis daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell (haploid, n).
tumors can create changes in organisms caused by modifications in gene expression rather than alterations in the genetic code itself.
epigenetic changes