1
What were the goals of trade unions?
To improve working and social conditions
What was the stock exchange?
Company shares were bought and sold
Steam allowed for the appearance of the ______; the invention of the locomotive gave rise to the ________.
Steamboat/railway
How many hours did the proletariat work?
Between 14-16 a day
Who founded socialism?
Karl Marx and Engels
What two raw materials were essential elements of the industrial era?
Coal and iron
What is one example of a steam-powered machine?
Power loom/automatic spinning machine
What is a class society?
A society where the social differenes were based on personal merit and wealth
What helped the population grow in Europe from the 18th century?
a reduction in mortality -> better nutrition and advances in hygiene and medicine
During the Industrial Revolution, was the culture becoming more secular or less secular?
More secular, so less religious
The industrial revolution transformed the economy from an ______ economy to an ________ one.
Agrarian/industrial and urban
Who were the proletariat?
Made up of peasants who emigrated to the cities and artisans who were ruined by mechanization
During the Old Regime, industrial production was carried out in __________, but during the Industrial Revolution they were replaced by _________.
artisanal workshops/large factories
What were the two currents of literature during this time?
Realism and Romanticism
The _____ and ____ industry developed when wood in the furnaces was replaced with ______.
Iron/steel/black coal
What were the main economic consequences of the Industrial Revolution?
A transport revolution, a trade boom, the development of capitalism, and increased economic inequality
What favorable factors allowed certain countries to b incorporated into industrialization?
Resources, capital, demographic growth, and a high demand
Who was one Realist author during this time?
Stendhal/Dickens
Explain the new division of labor?
Separating the work process into different phases and assigning each task to a different worker.
What group was formed to fight against capitalism? And who formed it?
The International Workers Association
the proletariat
Explain the changes in the property system of land between large landowners and peasants.
Large landowners replaced communal lands with fenced off private property which forced peasants to sell their land and migrate to the city.
What did anarchism want?
The abolition of the state
The modernization of transport allowed for an increased circulation of what?
Products, raw materials, and capital.
What is the difference between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie?
The proletariat are the members of the working class and the bourgeoisie were the ones who came to political power to control the means of production.
Explain realism in painting.
It was inspired by reality and represented the daily life of the people.