Microbiology
Difference in Peptidoglycan Layer between gram positive and negative
What is thick, multi-layered meshwork (positive) vs thin, single-layered sheet
The 2 main extracellular ions and 1 main intracellular ion.
What are Ca+2, Na+, and K+?
The main neurotransmitter and receptor in most neurons
What is Acetylcholine and nicotinic receptor?
The administration route that has 100% bioavailability
What is IV
Pathway of blood in the heart
What is RA, Tricuspid, RV, Pulm valve, Pulm arteries, Pulm veins, LA, Bicuspid, LV, Aortic valve, Aorta
The bacteria growth curve steps
What is Lag phase, Log phase, Stationary phase, Death
4 phases of AP
What is depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization, resting state?
3 methods of neurotransmitter termination
What are reuptake, enzymatic degredation, and diffusion?
The three primary G-Protein subtypes
What are Gs (stimulation), Gi (inhibition), Gq (IP3/DAG Pathway)
Patient presents with decreased heart rate. What bodily functions will increase to compensate?
What is Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR) and Stroke volume
The target for antifungals
Ergosterol membrane synthesis; beta-glucan and chitin cell wall integrity.
The 4 types of Transmembrane Ion Channels
What are leaky channels, voltage gated channels, ligand gated channels, and mechanically gated channels?
A patient steps on something sharp. What is the neuropathway of reaction?
What is Stimulus, Receptor, Sensory Neuron, Integration, Motor Neuron, Effector, and Response in the PNS (spinal cord)
How to calculate Therapeutic Index (TI) and what does that mean?
What is Median Toxic Dose (TD50)/Median Effective Dose (ED50) and the range of safe dosage for medication
Allows for cardiac muscle fibers to never undergo tetany
What is Ca²⁺ Plateau
The characteristic of gonorrheae that causes sepsis
What are endotoxins?
(gram-negative bacteria, more likely to lead to sepsis)
Where multiple sclerosis is more likely to occur (PNS vs CNS)
What is CNS?
(Because Schwann cells in PNS can regenerate myelin but oligodendrite cells cannot)
What are the postganglionic neurotransmitters and receptors?
What is Acetylcholine to muscerinic receptors (para) and NE/epi to adrenergic receptors (sympathetic)
Mechanisms of Receptor Regulation
What is Downregulation, Exhaustion of intermediate messenger molecules, Increased metabolic breakdown, Physiological adaptation & compensatory feedback?
Patient presents with chronic edema in the legs due to inactivity. What would you recommend?
What are compression socks, increasing activity, raising legs
(Skeletal Muscle Pump, Gravity)
Blood culture returns positive for Gram-positive cocci in clusters. What is the immediate clinical interpretation?
Suspect Staphylococcus species, request a coagulase. . If coagulase-positive, diagnose S. aureus. If coagulase-negative, suspect S. epidermidis
Patient presents with epileptic episodes. If the cause is action potential mutation, what is mutated?
What is voltage-gated sodium or potassium channels that lower the threshold, allowing for misfires and abnormal fires?
What is 1 preganglionic neuron, no post, Acetylecholine with nicotinic receptor?
Where a weak acid medication would get absorbed in the body and the ideal environmental conditions for excretion
What is acidic environment (like duodenum) and alkalinic pee?
Patient presents with Afib. What hemodynamics are affected?
What is CO, SV, shortened ventricular filling time, irregular ventricular cycle lengths