Cellular Function
Chapters 2 and 3
Chapters 2 and 3
A cell swells after being placed in a hypotonic solution. Which type(s) of passive transport explain this movement?
What is osmosis; simple diffusion (water movement)
Increased DNA methylation at a gene promoter has what effect on gene expression?
What is decreases gene expression.
Define neoplasm.
What is abnormal, uncontrolled cell growth. (tumor)
Which force has hydrostatic pressure on the arterial end and pushes fluid out of capillaries into interstitial space?
List the five stages of infectious disease.
Incubation, prodromal, acute, convalescent, resolution.
A hormone binds to a cell-surface receptor and activates cAMP. What is the role of this second messenger in signal transduction?
What is amplifies the extracellular signal inside the cell, activating protein kinases and downstream responses.
During protein synthesis, what is the primary function of mRNA?
What is carries genetic instructions from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis.
Identify two characteristics that distinguish normal cells from cancer cells.
What is (any two is acceptable) -
Growth, Differentiation, Genetic stability, Growth factor dependence, Density dependence, Cell-to-cell adhesion, Anchorage dependence, Cell-to-cell communication, Cell life span, Antigen expression, Substance production (e.g., proteases, hormones), Cytoskeletal composition and arrangement
Compare aldosterone and ADH effects on fluid balance.
What aldosterone increases Na⁺/water reabsorption; ADH increases water reabsorption?
Over the past three weeks, the local health department in Chicago has seen a 400% increase in influenza-like illness (ILI) cases compared to the last five years of data for the same period. What type of disease is this?
Compare autocrine and paracrine signaling in a tissue injury response.
What is autocrine - signals self ; paracrine - signals nearby
Differentiate genotype and phenotype using an autosomal recessive disorder example.
What is Genotype = genetic makeup; phenotype = observable traits. Someone with one allele of an autosomal recessive disorder will have a heterozygous genotype and will not have the phenotype of the disorder.
A patients tumor has cells do not resemble the tissue it resides in (undifferentiated), has anaplasia, and spreads by metastasis. What type of tumor is this?
A patient with diabetes insipidus has excessive urine and thirst. Their plasma osmolarity is increased and they have hypertonic dehydration. Which hormone deficiency and key symptom?
What is ADH deficiency; polyuria and polydipsia.
Differentiate viruses and bacteria in terms of treatment strategies.
What is viruses require host cells; bacteria can be treated with antibiotics?
A chronic smoker’s bronchial epithelium changes from ciliated columnar to stratified squamous cells. Identify the cellular adaptation and explain whether it is reversible.
What is metaplasia; potentially reversible if the stressor is removed.
A patient with Marfan syndrome presents with aortic dilation, scoliosis, and nearsightedness. As a nurse which symptoms would be your highest priority?
What is aortic dilation?
Explain the difference between a proto-oncogene and an oncogene.
What is Proto-oncogene = normal growth gene; oncogene = mutated, promotes cancer.
A patient's arterial blood gas measurements read pH = 7.31, CO₂ = 49 mmHg, HCO₃ = 30 mEq/L. How would you interpret this?
Partially compensated, respiratory acidosis
A patient was exposed to a disease three days ago and has begun showing symptoms of nausea, headache, and fever. What stage of infectious disease is the patient in?
What is prodromal stage.
A patient with prolonged hypoxia develops mitochondrial swelling and decreased ATP production. Identify the mechanism of reversible cell injury and predict the downstream effect on the Na⁺/K⁺ pump.
What is ATP depletion due to mitochondrial dysfunction → Na⁺/K⁺ pump failure → cellular swelling.
An infant has trisomy 21. Identify the chromosomal disorder and explain the meiotic error responsible.
What is down syndrome; nondisjunction during meiosis.
A patient with weight loss, anemia, and fatigue has metastatic cancer. Explain the mechanism of cancer anorexia–cachexia syndrome.
What is Cytokine-mediated metabolic changes causing muscle and fat wasting.
A patient's arterial blood gas measurements read pH = 7.49, CO₂ = 33 mmHg, HCO₃ = 24 mEq/L. How would you interpret this?
Uncompensated respiratory alkalosis.
A patient is infected with a bacteria that is resistant to antibiotics, has a double layered cell wall, and Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) present in the cell wall. What type of bacteria is this?
What is Gram-negative bacteria?