Probability
It tells us how many standard deviations a value falls away from the mean and in what direction.
What is z-score?
This type of bias occurs when the sampling method systematically excludes people from being selected.
What is undercoverage?
It is a variable that takes on values that are groups or labels.
What is a categorical variable?
This is a number that describes the sample.
What is a statistic?
This condition must be checked when sampling without replacement.
What is the 10% condition?
If two events cannot occur at the same time.
What are mutually exclusive events?
It is the systematic tendency to overestimate or underestimate the true population parameter.
What is bias?
Shape, center, variability, and outliers (in context).
What is describing a distribution?
This occurs when you conclude that there is no evidence for Ha, but in reality it is true.
What is a Type II error?
The probability of obtaining a test statistic as extreme or more extreme than the observed statistic, when the null hypothesis is assumed to be true.
What is the P-value?
If the outcome of one event does not affect the outcome of the other event.
What are independent events?
This type of sampling involves the division of a population into separate groups based on shared attributes or characteristics. Within each group a simple random sample is selected.
What is stratified random sampling?
For every increase of 1 unit in x, the predicted y increases or decreases by this.
What is the slope of the LSRL?
This states that when the sample size is sufficiently large, a sampling distribution of the mean of a random variable will be approximately normal.
What is the Central Limit Theorem?
The probability that a test will correctly reject the null hypothesis, given the alternative hypothesis is true.
What is Power?
For this type of random variable the number of trials is fixed in advance.
What is a binomial random variable?
This is necessary to make conclusions about cause and effect.
What is random assignment?
It is a point in regression that has a substantially larger or smaller x-value than the other observations have.
What is a high-leverage point?
A statistic has this property if the center of the sampling distribution for the statistic is equal to the population parameter.
What is an unbiased estimator?
It is the distribution of values for the statistic for all possible samples of a given size from a given population.
What is a sampling distribution?
It states that simulated probabilities tend to get closer to the true probability as the number of trials increases.
What is the law of large numbers?
It is a variable that is related to the explanatory variable and influences the response variable and makes it challenging to determine the cause and effect.
What is a confounding variable?
It gives the percent of the variation of y that is explained by the LSRL using x.
What is r2?
If the sample size increases, this decreases.
If the confidence level increases, this increases.
If we take many samples of the same size and construct many intervals in the same way, about 95% of them will capture the parameter.
What is a 95% confidence level?