Mycology (5)
This type of superficial fungal infection colonizes keratinized tissues such as hair, nails, and the epidermis and is commonly called “ringworm.”
What is dermatophytosis?
Drugs such as famciclovir and acyclovir are nucleoside analogs and block viral DNA polymerase. What virus is this primarily used for?
What is feline herpesvirus?
This is a solid mass of blood elements that is attached to the vascular endothelium and forms within a blood vessel.
What is a thrombus?
This diagnostic test detects viral DNA or RNA by amplifying the viral genetic material.
What is PCR?
This vaccine type contains a living but weakened pathogen and generally produces a strong, long-lasting cellular and humoral immune response.
What is a live attenuated vaccine?
A cat develops nodules and ulcerated lesions after being bitten during a fight. The lesions are spreading along the lymphatics. The owner also has a skin lesion after handling the cat. This zoonotic fungal infection is most likely caused by....?
What is sporotrichosis/Sporothrix schenckii?
Amantadine works early in influenza virus replication by blocking this process, preventing the viral RNA genome from being released.
What is viral uncoating?
During acute inflammation, this leukocyte is the first major cellular wave to enter inflamed tissue after the initial vascular changes.
What are neutrophils?
A veterinarian suspects a viral infection and wants to detect the virus itself rather than the animal’s immune response (antibodies). What two general types of viral components could they test for?
What are viral antigen and viral RNA/DNA?
For this bacterial pathogen, prevention focuses on colostrum intake, reducing overcrowding and stress, maintaining a clean environment, and vaccination of dams with pilus or killed whole-cell vaccines.
What is E. coli?
A horse develops a large, ulcerative skin lesion containing yellow “kunkers” after exposure to stagnant water. Which organism is the most likely cause?
What is Pythium insidiosum?
This antiviral drug inhibits neuraminidase, preventing newly formed influenza virions from detaching from the host cell and spreading to neighboring cells.
What is oseltamivir (Tamiflu)?
A dog develops a localized pocket of pus containing neutrophils, necrotic cellular debris, and edema fluid. This type of inflammation is called _____, and the localized pocket is called a _____.
What are purulent (suppurative) inflammation and an abscess?
How long after primary infection would you expect a PCR to come back positive? What are you testing for on the PCR?
What is 1-2 weeks? What is viral RNA/DNA?
A farm wants to prevent the spread of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP). What measures should they take?
They should avoid mixing pigs from different sources, improve ventilation, reduce overcrowding, and consider early weaning and repopulation with pathogen-free animals.
What are the two classic findings associated with chromoblastomycosis?
What are warty skin lesions and sclerotic bodies in tissue?
A dog with a bacterial infection is treated with an antibiotic that irreversibly binds the 30S ribosomal subunit, causes mRNA misreading, and is bactericidal. This drug class requires oxygen-dependent uptake, making it ineffective against anaerobic bacteria.
What are aminoglycosides (gentamicin, amikacin, streptomycin)?
A thrombus is not dissolved and instead becomes incorporated into the vessel wall. New channels form through the thrombus, allowing blood to flow around the obstruction. What is this process called?
What are organization and recanalization?
A calf becomes infected with BVDV before its immune system is fully developed. The virus is not cleared and continues to be produced for a prolonged period. What type of infection has occurred?
What is a persistent productive infection?
A veterinarian chooses a killed whole-cell vaccine instead of a live attenuated vaccine for a herd. Compared with a live attenuated vaccine, what is the main immunologic disadvantage of the killed vaccine?
What is that it produces a weaker immune response, is primarily humoral, and often requires an adjuvant and multiple boosters?
A fungal infection is treated with a drug that binds to ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane and creates pores, causing leakage of cellular contents. Another class of antifungals instead prevents ergosterol synthesis. Name both treatments/classes.
What are amphotericin B and azoles?
A cat with FIV is treated with zidovudine (AZT). The drug is converted to its triphosphate form by cellular kinases and incorporated by viral reverse transcriptase. Explain its mechanism and name an important adverse effect.
What is inhibition/termination of viral DNA synthesis, with bone marrow suppression (especially nonregenerative anemia) as an important adverse effect?
A thrombus forms in the deep veins of a dog's hindlimb. A piece breaks away, travels through the venous circulation, and becomes lodged in a smaller vessel in the lungs. What is the detached piece called, and what vascular event has occurred?
What is a thromboembolus causing pulmonary embolism?
A respiratory virus undergoes a single mutation in its RNA genome, producing a slightly different viral surface antigen that allows it to infect individuals who have some pre-existing immunity. Another virus instead acquires an entirely new combination of RNA segments after two different strains infect the same host cell. What are these two mechanisms of viral variation called, respectively?
What are antigenic drift and antigenic shift?
A horse is exposed to Clostridium tetani after a deep wound. The veterinarian gives tetanus antitoxin in addition to antibiotics. Why is the antitoxin useful even though it does not kill the bacteria?
What is that tetanus antitoxin provides passive immunity by neutralizing toxin that has not yet bound to nervous tissue, while antibiotics eliminate the bacteria producing additional toxin?