Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
A woman undergoing IVF develops abdominal distension and discomfort after ovarian stimulation. The increased vascular permeability and third spacing seen in OHSS lead to accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, producing this finding.
What is ascites?
A man with metastatic prostate cancer is started on continuous leuprolide. His bone pain briefly worsens, then improves with continued therapy. The prescribed medication exerts its primary effect by acting directly on this organ.
What is anterior pituitary gland?
A postmenopausal woman with estrogen receptor–positive breast cancer is started on anastrozole. Because ovarian estrogen production is minimal at her age, the drug mainly lowers estrogen synthesis in this peripheral tissue.
What is adipose tissue?
A patient presents for infertility evaluation after difficulty conceiving. Because the number of remaining ovarian follicles may be reduced, the physician checks this hormone as a marker of ovarian reserve.
What is AMH?
During IVF, embryos are most commonly biopsied for preimplantation genetic testing at this stage of development.
What is blastocyst stage?
A woman undergoing IVF develops rapid weight gain, abdominal distention, and ascites shortly after her trigger shot. The pathophysiology is driven by ovarian release of a mediator that increases vascular permeability. What is this mediator?
What is VEGF?
A woman with severe endometriosis is treated continuously with a GnRH analog and later develops hot flashes, vaginal dryness, and increased risk of bone loss. These findings reflect reduced FSH stimulation of granulosa cells, leading to decreased activity of what enzyme.
What is aromatase?
A woman treated with danazol for endometriosis improves, but develops deepening of the voice and acne. These side effects reflect signaling through a receptor that likely functions as this type of molecule.
What is a transcription factor?
A 28-year-old man has had recurrent pneumonia and chronic sinus infections since childhood. He and his partner have been unable to conceive despite normal sexual function. His infertility is most likely due to impaired motility caused by a structural abnormality in this part of the sperm.
What is flagellum?
PGT-SR is preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements, used to identify embryos with structural chromosomal abnormalities before transfer. If an embryo has an unbalanced Robertsonian translocation involving chromosome 21, it may result in this syndrome.
What is Down syndrome?
In assisted reproduction cycles, this exogenous hormone is most classically associated with triggering the cascade that leads to rapid ovarian enlargement.
What is a beta-HCG?
During IVF, ganirelix is given with controlled ovarian stimulation so that a premature LH surge does not occur before planned oocyte retrieval. In the absence of that surge, the oocyte remains arrested in what stage of meiosis.
What is prophase I?
A patient with endometriosis is treated with an aromatase inhibitor. In the ovary, the substrate for the inhibited pathway is provided primarily by this cell.
What is theca cell?
A 27-year-old woman with a BMI of 32 kg/m² presents 4 days after unprotected intercourse requesting emergency contraception. She wants the most effective option overall. What is the mechanism of action of the recommended method?
What is toxic to sperm and ova?
PGT-M is preimplantation genetic testing used to screen embryos for specific inherited single-gene mutations before transfer, helping reduce transmission of hereditary diseases, including hereditary cancer syndromes. One parent carries a BRCA2 mutation. If their son inherits the mutation and later develops breast cancer, this is the most common histologic type of that cancer in males.
What is invasive ductal carcinoma?
A patient undergoing IVF has PCOS, a high AMH, and develops numerous follicles during ovarian stimulation, placing her at high risk for ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Instead of beta-hCG, this medication can be used to induce an endogenous LH surge for final oocyte maturation.
What is a GnRH agonist? (one dose)
A patient receiving continuous leuprolide for fibroids has decreased secretion of the pituitary hormones responsible for follicular development and ovulation. These two hormones belong to a glycoprotein family and share a common subunit with these two other hormones.
What is TSH and hCG?
A woman receiving long-term aromatase inhibitor therapy is monitored for both skeletal and cardiovascular effects of estrogen deficiency. In addition to reduced bone density, clinicians may watch for elevation of this major apoB-containing lipoprotein.
What is LDL?
A woman undergoes laparoscopic sterilization. To access and occlude the fallopian tube, the surgeon works through the superior portion of the broad ligament that specifically encloses the uterine tube. What is this peritoneal fold called?
What is the mesosalpinx?
PGT-A is preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy, used to identify embryos with abnormal chromosome numbers before transfer. If testing identifies an embryo with a 47,XXY karyotype, this nuclear finding would be expected in that individual’s cells.
What is a barr body/Lyonization?
During the luteal phase after assisted reproductive treatment, a patient presents with acute pelvic pain. Imaging reveals a hemorrhagic adnexal lesion derived from the remnant of the ovulated follicle. This lesion secretes this hormone.
What is progesterone?
A man receiving continuous GnRH agonist therapy for prostate cancer later develops reduced libido and erectile dysfunction. These symptoms arise because chronic pituitary suppression lowers LH, reducing androgen synthesis in Leydig cells and thereby decreasing activation of a receptor found primarily in what part of the target cell
What is cytoplasm? (After binding, translocates to nucleus)
A patient with refractory endometriosis improves on danazol but is counseled to avoid pregnancy during treatment. This concern is based on the drug’s androgenic effects on development of the external genitalia during this fetal period.
What is first trimester/embryogenesis?
A patient undergoes surgical sperm retrieval from the site of sperm maturation. Histologically, the duct of this structure is lined by this epithelium.
What is pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia?
During an IVF cycle, embryo biopsy for preimplantation genetic testing reveals a mixed chromosomal pattern, with some sampled cells showing 46,XX and others showing 45,XO. What is this finding called?
What is mosaicism?