introduction of organic chemistry
what is hydrocarbon
•A hydrocarbon is a compound which contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
what is the Structural isomers
Structural isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.
give the General formula and Functional group of alkene
1.General formula: CnH2n
2.Functional group: double bond
Two use of ethanol
•As a solvent
•As a fuel
what is polymer
A polymer is a substance made of macromolecules(large molecules built up from small units.)
list three fossil fuels in this chapter
•Coal
•Petroleum(or crude oil)
•Natural gas (methane CH4)
minus 500
write the chemical reaction：
butane reacts with excess oxygen
2C4H10+13O2==8CO2+10H2O
what is the term of Unsaturated? and list one organic compound is unsaturated
Unsaturated : not all the carbon-hydrogen bonds are single bond
any alkene
two ways to make the ethanol and list the condition of one way which the resource is renewable
ethene with steam (addition reaction)
glucose: 25-35oC anaerobic conditions(no oxygen)
using enzymes in yeast glucose is aqueous
give the polymer of ethene, and state the types of polymerization
poly(ethene)
addition
which fraction in fractional distillation has the Largest the molecules with the highest boiling points and viscosity
bitumen
what is the substitution reactions
One atom or group is replaced by another atom or group
which reagent can test whether a hydrocarbon is unsaturated or not, give the observation
use bromine water to test whether a hydrocarbon is unsaturated,it is an orange solution of bromine in water,if a c=c bond is present,an addition reaction takes place and the colour disappers.
double points
Disadvantages and advantages of Fermentations
•High temperature and pressure
•A lot of energy needed
•Using alkenes which is non-renewable
Slow reaction
Increasing CO2 in the atmosphere
write one unit of poly(chloroethene)
Which list shows the fractions obtained from distilling petroleum, in order of increasing boiling point?
A bitumen → diesel oil → fuel oil → lubricating oil
B diesel oil → gasoline →naphtha → kerosene
C gasoline → naphtha → kerosene → diesel oil
D kerosene → lubricating oil → naphtha →refinery gas
C gasoline → naphtha → kerosene → diesel oil
finish the chemical equation and write the word equation：
CH4+Cl2
CH3Cl+HCl
list the condition of Hydrogenation reaction and write the chemical reaction of ethene reacts with hydrogen
T 150-300
Ni as catalyst
write the reagents and conditions to make ethyl propanoate,
and draw the displayed formulae of this reaction
ethanol
propanoic acid
conc. H2SO4
list one Polyester and give the reactants
contains -COO- group
Describe the general characteristics of a homologous series
1.(a) having the same functional group
2.(b) having the same general formula
3.(c) differing from one member to the next by a –CH2– unit
4.(d) displaying a trend in physical properties
5.(e) sharing similar chemical properties
give the conditions to cracking
heat (around 500℃) and catalyst (silica or alumina)
list the condition of Hydration reaction and write the chemical reaction of ethene reacts with steam
Conditions: phosphoric acid catalyst
temperature of about 300℃
a pressure of about 60-70 atm
Two ways to make carboxylic acids
•By fermentation ----- the biological way
•Using oxidising agents ----- the chemical way
draw one natural polyamide and show the monomer with the general structure
protein
NH2-CRH-COOH
no points