chromosome basics
what is a chromosome and its function?
its a pod-like structure in the nucleus that contains genetic information in the form of DNA
what is true with chromosomes regarding an animals parent?
they have the same amount, no matter what
what are the 6 stages of mitosis?
interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis
what happens during prophase?
- chromosomes condense
- nuclear envelope disappears
- spindle fibers emerge
what happens during telophase?
- chromosomes decondense
- spindle fibers break down
- nuclear envelope emerges again for both
- now a clevage furrow
where are chromosomes found?
nucleus
what structure consists of compacted DNA wrapped around protein structures, making it easier to move during cell division?
chromosomes
how do you remember the 6 steps?
I Party Mainly AT Chuckycheese
what happens during metaphase?
- chromosomes line up in the middle
- sister chromatid attached to the spindle fiber
what does telophase look like?
it looks like a penut, there are now in 2, but there is still cytoplasm and membrane connecting them
what are the main parts of a chromosome?
centromere and sister chromatids
what happens during the interphase stage?
- the cell is growing
- cell carrying out its main functions
- cell preparing for mitosis
what does metaphase look like?
spindle fibers go through each centromere (4 of them), they are on opposite sides, and everything else with the cell is lined up in the middle and connected to the fibers
what happens during cytokinesis?
- cytoplasm splits into 2 identical daughter cells
- in animals, cell membrane pinches closed
- in plants, cell plate forms
what does the centromere look like, and what is its job?
its the middle point between the sister chromatids, and it is what joins the sisters
what immediate observation, visible under a microscope, distinguishes a cell in prophase from a cell still in G2 of interphase?
the condensation of chromosomes
steps of interphase?
g1, s, g2
what happens during anaphase?
- sister chromatids pulled apart by spindle fibers
- 1 chromatid at each end of cell
what does cytokenesis look like?
they are officially split
what do the sister chromatids look like, and what are their job?
they are on the other sides of the centromere to make up an x, and they ensure accurate distribution of genetic information to daughter cells during cell division
a mutation occurs that causes a cell's spindle fibers to attach improperly to only one pole during metaphase. assuming the cell's regulatory mechanisms are functioning correctly, which checkpoint will this cell likely fail?
the m phase checkpoint, which checks the spindle fibers
whats happening in each of these?
g1 - cell is initially growing
s - dna is copied
g2 - growing in preparation for mitosis
what does anaphase look like?
from their place in the middle, the sister chromatids are pulled in opposide directions, splitting
whats the result of mitosis?
2 identical diploid cells