General
A student has their 9lb backpack on and is holding their JSF textbook on their right side. In what direction will her COM shift?
Posterior, to the right, and slightly superior
Damage to what ligament of the knee is most likely to heal on its own due to its high vascularity?
MCL
What ligaments are located within the tarsal canal and which is the strongest?
Cervical ligament (strongest), and interosseous talocalcaneal ligament
What motions at the lumbar spine and the hip occur with a posterior tilt of the pelvis?
Hip extension, lumbar flexion
Your Pt presents with left thoracic scoliosis. In what direction will the thoracic spine laterally flex and rotate, and on what size will the Pt have a rib hump?
Laterally flex to the RIGHT, rotate to the LEFT, resulting in a LEFT rib hump
A proportional increase in muscle length to amount of motion is an example of what elastic component of muscles?
Parallel elastic component
Excessive knee valgus will place excess compressive stress on what side of the tibiofemoral joint?
laterally
The oblique axis of the transverse tarsal joint is 57° medial and 52° superior from the A-P axis, what are the primary and secondary motions at this joint?
DF/PF followed by abd/add
What motions does the pubofemoral ligament resist?
What motions does the pubofemoral ligament resist?
What type of collagen fibers are most present the annulus fibrosis, what type are most present in the nucleus pulposus?
What type of receptors are sensitive to lengthening and velocity of lengthening of a muscle fiber?
Muscle Spindles
What ligament connects the anterior horns of the medial and lateral menisci?
Transverse Ligament
Excessive pronation of the foot will increase tension on what ligament(s)?
Deltoid ligament
What arteries supply blood to the head and neck of the femur?
Medial and lateral circumflex arteries
In what segment(s) of the spine do we expect the posterior longitudinal ligament to be thick and strong?
Thoracic spine due to the kyphotic curve
A Pt presents with their fourth lateral ankle sprain in the last 2 years. What viscoelastic property can explain this laxity with increased repeated stress?
Hysteresis
What is the function of the popliteus in relation to the screw home mechanism?
Unlocks the knee and initiates knee flexion by medially rotating the tibia
Explain the windlass mechanism and how it supports the foot as a rigid lever.
MTP extension increases the tension on the plantar fascia, draws the calcaneus and the MTP joints together and supinates the foot for push off.
A Pt presents with excessive hip ER compared to IR. What can we assume about the angle of torsion of their femur?
Femoral retroversion, <8°
In what plane are the facets of the atlantooccipital joints, and what motion is facilitated?
Sagittal plane: facilitating cervical flexion and extension
Are two forces of an action-reaction pair part of the same linear force system and why?
NO... action-reaction forces apply to different objects, force systems have a point of application on the same object
Activation of what muscle in the leg will increase tension on the PCL (causing posterior shear on the tibia)?
Hamstrings
Explain what happens at the pronation party from the tibia to the tarsometatarsal joint.
Tibia IR, Subtalar (calcaneus everts, talus adducts and plantarflexes), transverse tarsal joint unlocks, supination twist at the tarsometatarsal joint with toes 1/2 DF, toes 4/5 PF, TMT joint inversion and adduction
Your Pt presents with a left Trendelenburg gait. When in single limb stance during the gait cycle, what motions occur (abd/add) at the left and right legs, and in what direction will lateral flexion occur?
Adduction of the left leg, abduction of the right leg, lateral flexion to the left
What are the three common spaces of entrapment of the brachial plexus (thoracic outlet)?
Scalene triangle, costoclavicular space, subcoracoid space