Endocrine
What cells produce calcitonin
C cells
How many oxygen molecules can each red blood cell carry
1 billion
What are the vessels of vessels
Vasa Vasorum
What are the 3 processes required for respiration
ventilation, external, internal
Fenestrated Capillaries
What are follicular cells stimulated by
TSH
What catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid
carbonic anhydrase
What is an aneurysm
a bulge in an arterial wall that is caused by weak spot in elastic fibers
What are the function of the sinuses
Warming air, sound resonance and decreasing the weight of skull
What do the renal tubule drain flow into
1. Proximal convoluted tubule
2. Nephron Loop
3. Distal convoluted tubule
What is the tropic function of ACTH
Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids
What is diapedesis and why is it important
It is how white blood cells are able to leave the bloodstream and collect at sites of invasion
What type of capillary is abundant in the skin and what can diffuse across it
Continuous
Permit diffusion of water, small solutes, and lipid-soluble materials
Speech requires what
coordinated efforts of the structures superior to the glottis including the muscles of pharynx, soft palate, plus tongue and lips
What are the 3 external layers of connective tissue that place and protect the kidney? Superficial to deep
Renal facia
Adipose capsule
Renal capsule
What are the 4 effects of Parathyroid Hormone in response to low Ca2+ in the blood
Stimulate osteoclasts
Inhibits osteoblasts
enhance reabsorption of Ca2+ at kidneys
stimulates the formation and secretion of calcitriol at the kidneys
Explain how there is no summation and tetanus. in the myocardial potential
There is a plateau due to the balance between the slow influx of Ca2+.= prevents tetanus
What does the medulla oblongata regulate
heart rate, contractility, and blood vessel diameter
the chemicals in smoke cause what
increase mucus secretion
partially paralyze and eventually destroy cilia lining the tract
What are the 4 processes of urine production and describe them
Filtration
Reabsoportion= keep the good stuff in blood
Secretion= need to pee out
Excretion= the stuff you pee out
What are the effects of growth hormone (tropic and non tropic)
Increased cartilage formation and skeletal growth
Increased protein synthesis and cell growth and proliferation
increased fat breakdown and release
Increased blood glucose and other anti-insulin effects
What is hemostasis and what does it involve
Hemostasis= stop bleeding
1. Vascular spasm= blood vessel constricts to limit blood escape
2. Platelet plug formation= platelets arrive at site of injury and stick to exposed collagen fibers
3. Coagulation phase
coagulation cascade converts inactive proteins to active forms, which ultimately forms fibrin strands of a blood clot
goes through ductus arteriosus, aorta, systemic circulation, umbilical arteries
Explain pulmonary ventilation (referring to atmospheric pressure)
When you inhale you increase the volume in your lings to decrease pressure to bring in air
When you exhale, the air pressure in the lungs is greater you decrease volume so pressure will increase and air moves out.
what is the difference between descending and ascending loop of Henle. How do both limbs affect osmolarity
descending is permeable to H2O
Ascending is permeable to Ion
Osmolarity is not changed at the kidneys