Hemodynamics
What vessel type has the highest resistance in the vasculature
Arteriole
Increased viscosity causes (increased or decreased) resistance
Increased vessel length causes (increased or decreased) resistance
Increased vessel diameter causes (increased or decreased resistance)
Increased
Increased
Decreased
What hormone converts angiotensinogen to ang I? Where is it made?
What hormone converts ang I to ang II? Where is it made?
Renin from kidneys
ACE from lungs
Rapid and reduced ventricular filling occurs during what ECG segment?
TP segment
What causes edema? High or low
Hydrostatic pressure? Osmotic pressure? Vascular permeability?
High hydrostatic pressure (high water out), low osmotic pressure (low water back in), high vascular perm (high water out)
Which is the most significant?
Blood viscosity, vessel length, vessel diameter (most significant)
Plasma proteins:
Associated with the immune system?
Blood clotting?
Transport and osmotic pressure?
Globulins
Fibrinogens
Albumin
Atrial natriuretic peptide is released from what cells and causes increase or decreate to BP
Atrial myocytes, decrease BP
What causes the S1 and S2 heart sounds?
S1 = AV valves closing
S2 = semilunar valves closing
Ejection fraction = ___ / ___
What is the normal range?
SV / EDV
50-70%
Pulse pressure = ___
MAP = ____
Pulse pressure = systolic - diastolic
MAP = diastolic = (pulse pressure/3)
What type of vessel can be shunted?
What are the three types of this vessel?
Capillaries
Continuous, fenestrated, sinusoidal
What hormone from the adrenal gland causes increased blood pressure? How?
Aldosterone stimulates Na+ reabsorption in the kidney -> increased blood volume
Increased ESV causes what to SV
Decreased
Increased EDV would cause increased or decreased preload?
Vasodilation would increase or decrease afterload?
Increased
Decrease
____ = blood flow through a volume or mass of tissue
Units are mL/100g of tissue/min
Blood perfusion
What are 2 examples of lipid-soluble substances?
What substances leave capillaries by intracellular clefts?
Diffusion
CO2, O2
Electrolytes
What receptor detects blood pressure? Where are they found?
What receptor detects blood pH? Where are they found?
Baroreceptors, in carotid sinus and aorta
Chemoreceptors, in carotid body and aortic body
Which heart sound is heard during isovolumetric relaxation?
S2
Filtration is driven by ____ pressure
Reabsorption is driven by ____ pressure
Hydrostatic
Osmotic
___ = Change in pressure / resistance
Blood flow
What vessel type only consists of endothelium and basal lamina
Capillaries
The cardiovascular center controls __
The vasomotor center controls __
HR
BP
EDV occurs just before what phase of the cardiac cycle (more than just systole)
Isovolumetric ventricular contraction
Filtration occurs on the arterial or venular side of the capillary?
Reabsorption occurs on the arterial or venular side of the capillary.
Arterial
Venular