Unit 1 & 2
Property of water responsible for water attaching to other water molecules
cohesion
The name of a molecule that binds to a receptor site
ligand
Reactions that require a net input of energy
Endergonic reactions
Location of steps in cellular respiration
glycolysis: cytosol
pyruvate oxidation, Krebs Cycle, oxphos: mitochondria
high specific heat
Water moves from extracellular space to the intracellular space: describe the relative tonicity and water potential of the extracellular space that would cause this
prophase of mitosis (or prometaphase....... they're basically the same)
A description of the way that enzymes speed up reactions
Stabilizes transition state, lowers activation energy
Processes that produce NADH
glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, Kreb's Cycle
Definition of apoptosis
programmed cell death
The answer to "describe the characteristics of the cell membrane that allow small nonpolar molecules to go through"
hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails - phospholipid bilayer is amphipathic
Phase where there exists an "irreversible checkpoint" is ____- if it does not pass this checkpoint and goes to a nondividing state, it goes to ___.
G1 and G0
Description of what Rubisco does in photosynthesis
Fixes inorganic carbon to RuBP to make it organic in the Calvin Cycle
Major inputs and outputs of the Krebs Cycle
Input: acetyl CoA, NAD+, FAD, O2
Creates NADH and FADH2 electron carriers (also creates some ATP, GTP), CO2
Type of cell communication that occurs between neurons
local signaling
Specific thing broken when secondary structure is disrupted
hydrogen bonding
The name of the process where kinase enzymes activate other kinase enzymes
phosphorylation cascade/signal transduction pathway
Description of the 3 types of enzyme inhibitors
competitive: blocks the active site
noncompetitive: binds allosterically, which changes the shape of the active site
uncompetitive: binds allosterically to the ES complex
All major roles of fermentation
short term ATP in anaerobic conditions, regenerate NAD+, produce lactic acid or ethanol
Enzymes that are the reason why glycolysis is called the "energy investment phase"
The path a large messenger protein would take from conception to another cell, and the name of the process involved
rough ER (ribosome) -> golgi apparatus -> vesicle -> extracellular space, exocytosis
The step after a molecule binds to a receptor--the signal is received, and then it is _______________ by activating a _________________.
tranduced, secondary messenger
H2O donates electron to Photosystem II
Electron excited by light and move which pumps H+ ions into lumen
Electron moves to PS I and is again excited by light
Electron transfers to NADP+ to be used for Calvin Cycle
Description of what would happen to O2 consumption and ATP production if the inner mitochondrial membrane is leaky and why
O2 consumption would be high and ATP production would be low because the H+ gradient would not be able to be established so no energy would be released from chemiosmosis to power ATP synthase
Theory that explains why some organelles have DNA- name of theory, description of what the theory posts, and the organelles that have DNA
endosymbiont theory-- mitochondria and chloroplasts were once prokaryotes that were engulfed by a eukaryotic cell via endocytosis and now have a symbiotic relationship